The expression “You can’t judge a book by its cover” could be applied to mesomorphs as well. Because people with a mesomorph body type look athletic, many people (even mesomorphs themselves) make assumptions about their health.
Here are the top myths about mesomorphs and the mistakes to avoid, according to Gagliardi:
Myth 1: People With a Mesomorph Body Type Should Eat Certain Foods While Avoiding Others
Fact: The best approach to nutrition is to find a healthy eating plan that a client can stick to over the long haul, Gagliardi says. “There are no hard and fast rules, and the negatively worded guidance to avoid a favorite or preferred food isn’t likely to lead to success,” he says.
Myth 2: People With a Mesomorph Body Type Don’t Need to Exercise to Stay Healthy
Fact: “Because mesomorphs are more muscular and fit looking, many people make the mistake of thinking that they don’t need to exercise to maintain their appearance or stay healthy,” says Gagliardi.
Don’t let the muscles fool you — even mesomorphs need to get the recommended amount of exercise. In some cases, they may have a healthy outward appearance, but the person may have underlying health conditions, he says.
Myth 3: People With a Mesomorph Body Type Can Eat Anything They Want Without Consequences
Fact: “This suggests that appearance equates to health. People with this body type can gain fat just like anyone else, so the notion that they can eat anything they want without it impacting their health or fitness level is simply false,” says Gagliardi.
Myth 4: People With a Mesomorph Body Type Must Have a Great Work Ethic and Love Exercise and Sports
Fact: “Just because a person looks fit or muscular doesn’t mean that they will need less support when it comes to motivation and adherence, or with finding a type of physical activity they enjoy,” he says.
The most common mistake Medlin sees is overtraining. “That’s what I see many of my clients, including mesomorphs, do. They don’t take rest days, and they don’t sleep enough. Rest is just as important as the work,” she says.
There are several ways in which not getting enough sleep can affect weight loss, or even cause weight gain.
It Throws You Off-Balance
“Getting too little sleep contributes to weight gain by upsetting the balance between how much we eat and how much fuel we burn,” says Shanon Makekau, MD, a pulmonologist and sleep medicine specialist at Kaiser Permanente in Honolulu.
One clinical trial of 80 overweight adults who habitually slept less than 6.5 hours per night found that a two-week sleep extension intervention significantly reduced their daily energy intake by approximately 270 calories. The participants expended the same amount of energy during the day, resulting in a negative energy balance, which can lead to weight loss.
It Can Make You Hungrier the Next Day
Sleep deprivation may lead to increased levels of the neurotransmitter ghrelin, which makes you feel hungry, and lower levels of leptin, which makes you feel full. “This can result in increased appetite, and hence weight gain,” Dr. Polos says.
You Have More Time to Eat
If you’re not sleeping as much, you’re awake more hours of the day and have more opportunities to eat, Dr. Makekau says.
You Tend to Snack More
To make matters worse, the foods you may reach for when you’re sleep deprived, such as donuts and fried food, are often not the healthiest choices. “Sleep-deprived individuals tend to eat foods with greater amounts of carbohydrates and calories,” Polos says.
One narrative review noted that disturbed sleeping patterns have been shown to lead to an increase in energy (calorie) intake, mainly from snacking, especially on foods rich in fat and carbohydrates.
One the other hand, getting more sleep can lead to healthier food choices. “Getting enough good-quality sleep supports daytime energy, mood, concentration, and motivation,” Makekau says. “All of these factors play an important role in making good choices during the daytime.”
You Move Less When You’re Tired
“People who don’t get enough sleep are more sedentary and are less likely to engage in moderate to vigorous activities such as sports or exercise,” Makekau says. Think of the last time you got only five or six hours of sleep. You likely struggled to get through the day and were not raring to go to the gym to work out.
A large new study involving nearly 80,000 men has found that those with high-quality sperm (fast, strong “swimmers”) may live about three years longer than men with poor-quality sperm.
“For all types of measured semen parameters, we saw a dose-response association to mortality — the better the semen quality and quantity, the longer life expectancy,” says Laerke Priskorn, PhD, a coauthor of the study and an epidemiologist with the department of growth and reproduction at Copenhagen University Hospital in Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
“This association remained when we took into account the men’s educational level and their health status prior to semen quality assessment, which were possible factors that we thought might to some degree explain the observed association — but they did not,” says Dr. Priskorn.
Low-Quality Sperm May Be a ‘Canary in the Coal Mine’
Priskorn and collaborators examined data on 78,284 men in Copenhagen who were being evaluated for infertility and had their semen quality examined between 1965 and 2015. Semen quality was determined by measuring semen volume, sperm shape and concentration, and the proportion of sperm that were motile (capable of moving or swimming properly).
Over a follow-up of up to 50 years, 8,600 deaths occurred.
Analysis revealed that men with a total count of more than 120 million moving sperm had a 2.7-year longer life expectancy than men with a total count between 0 to 5 million.
The results, published in the journal Human Reproduction, showed that the higher-count group could expect to live to 80.3 years, compared with 77.6 years for men in the lower-count group.
The association between high quality sperm and longevity held true in a subgroup of nearly 60,000 men who provided information on any disease diagnoses they may have had prior to semen sampling.
The authors concluded that semen quality may be a universal biomarker of morbidity (having a disease) and mortality.
Joshua Bodie, MD, a urologist and an associate professor with the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, calls male infertility a “canary in the coal mine,” signaling potential health troubles.
“There are many health issues that can affect sperm count — genetic problems, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, cancers, pituitary gland issues, and congenital conditions,” says Dr. Bodie, who was not involved in the study. “Low or zero sperm count can also be sequelae [a consequence] from sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea or chlamydia.”
Limitations of Sperm to Assess Health
The study results align with previous research showing a link between poor-quality sperm and serious health issues, such as cancer development, according to John Amory, MD, MPH, a professor of medicine and an expert in male reproduction at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle.
He cautions, however, that the study is observational and based on preexisting data, so the findings “need to be interpreted with caution.” Additionally, he warns against using sperm as a means to gauge the status of a man’s health.
“The predictive power of a sperm assessment is likely to be much less than other known measures, such as blood pressure, weight, fasting lipids [cholesterol levels], and blood sugar,” says Dr. Amory, who was not involved in the study.
While the study authors do not suggest that men routinely have their semen quality measured to assess general health status, they do urge men who have semen quality assessed due to fertility issues to consider potential health troubles related to low-quality sperm.
“Fertility workups, which most often occur at a young age, may provide a ‘window of opportunity’ for clinicians to identify and mitigate potential health risks that may otherwise go unnoticed until they manifest with clear symptoms,” says Priskorn.
What Impacts Sperm Quality?
In an accompanying article commenting on this research, John Aitken, PhD, a distinguished emeritus professor from the School of Environmental and Life Sciences at the University of Newcastle in Australia, wrote that oxidative stress may be an influencing factor when it comes to sperm quality.
Oxidative stress is an imbalance in the body of unstable molecules called free radicals and antioxidants. Antioxidants protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Oxidative stress is known to be involved in the aging process, and could influence semen quality, according to Dr. Aitken.
To help reduce oxidative stress and improve sperm quality, Amory advises men to avoid tobacco, limit alcohol consumption, eat healthy, exercise regularly, and get adequate sleep.
“If sperm count is checked and low, take this as a warning to investigate your health and work with your physicians to try to improve your health as best as possible,” says Bodie.
For people who prefer to take an at-home test for colorectal cancer rather than undergo a colonoscopy, Cologuard has become a popular choice. An upgraded version of this screening tool, for adults 45 and older with an average risk for colorectal cancer, will be available this spring.
Cologuard Plus is more accurate than the original Cologuard at detecting colorectal cancer and precancerous lesions, with fewer false positives, and more convenient in certain ways.
“This is a meaningful improvement in colorectal cancer screening,” says Sean Langenfeld, MD, a professor and colorectal surgeon at Nebraska Medicine in Omaha. Dr. Langenfeld isn’t involved with Exact Sciences, the manufacturer of the test.
New Test Identifies 95 Colorectal Cancer Cases Out of 100
The original Cologuard was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014. The test provides a kit that allows a person to collect a stool sample (poop) from the comfort of home using a specially designed paper that fits over the toilet The user then mails the sample to the Exact Sciences laboratory in a provided container.
The lab analyzes the stool for blood as well as genetic abnormalities associated with colorectal cancer.
Cologuard Plus is better at detecting both colorectal cancer and precancerous lesions compared with the original test. The new version has a sensitivity of 95 percent. Although there hasn’t been a head-to-head trial comparing new versus old, studies of the original version showed a 92 percent sensitivity.
That means that out of every 100 people who have colorectal cancer, Cologuard Plus will correctly identify 95 of them and miss 5 cases.
For advanced precancerous lesions, Cologuard Plus has a sensitivity of 43.4 percent.
The updated Cologuard Plus test also has reported a higher specificity of 94 percent. That means it is also very good at identifying who doesn’t have colorectal cancer. The original Cologuard had an 87 percent specificity. Higher specificity correlates to fewer unnecessary follow-up colonoscopies from false positive results.
Finally, the new test allows for more time to send the sample. People using the original have four days, while those using Cologuard Plus have six days because of different preservatives.
These improvements to the old Cologuard are meaningful, says Langenfeld.
“By decreasing false positives, it reduces the number of patients who have to undergo a follow-up invasive procedure. In a similar vein, it reduces the number of patients who had a positive Cologuard, then underwent a colonoscopy where nothing was found and are left feeling worried that something may have been missed,” he says.
And expanding the allowed time for specimen return will help more people successfully mail in their sample, and allow for more stable and reliable results, says Langenfeld.
How Cologuard Plus Stacks Up to Another At-Home Option
Cologuard’s approval was based on a head-to-head trial that compared Cologuard Plus with a fecal immunochemical test (FIT), which screens for early signs of colon cancer by detecting blood (that can’t be seen by just looking at it) in the stool.
The study included about 20,000 people aged 40 and over. Around 40 percent of participants identified as Hispanic or Latino, Black, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Pacific Islander.
Cologuard Plus outperformed FIT for overall colorectal cancer sensitivity, treatable-stage colorectal cancer (stages 1 through 3) sensitivity, high-grade dysplasia sensitivity, and advanced precancerous lesion sensitivity.
Colonoscopy Is Still the Gold Standard for Colorectal Cancer Screening
“For those of us that remove colorectal cancer for a living, we are always going to recommend colonoscopy for our patients and our families, as it can not only detect cancers, but also precancerous polyps, and it has the ability to simultaneously remove lesions,” says Langenfeld.
But the reality is that there are more patients needing screening than there are openings on an endoscopist’s schedule (the person who performs colonoscopies), he says.
“Additionally, plenty of people go unscreened due to the stigma, cost, and concern for complications with an invasive procedure,” says Langenfeld.
A colonoscopy requires a full bowel prep, sedation, and a day off from work. “There are many people who are either unable or unwilling to undergo colonoscopy,” he says.
In 2021, 72 percent of adults between 50 and 75 years old had received colorectal cancer screening based on the most recent guidelines.
Offering noninvasive screening options can expand testing access and capture people who would otherwise go without any screening at all, says Langenfeld.
At the end of the day, the best screening test is the one that the person is willing to undergo, he says.
“The improvement in the quality and ease of use for noninvasive tests is a step in the right direction,” says Langenfeld.
Will Insurance Cover Cologuard Plus?
When it becomes available this spring, Cologuard Plus will be covered for all Medicare Part B patients with no out-of-pocket cost, says Paul Limburg, MD, chief medical officer of screening at Exact Sciences.
Exact Sciences is currently negotiating rates with individual insurers to pay for Cologuard Plus. Because colorectal cancer screening is covered as a preventive service, patients rarely receive a bill, he says.
For people who don’t have insurance, or whose insurance doesn’t cover Cologuard, the test costs about $600.
During an initial transition period, people whose insurance does not yet offer coverage can still be screened with the original Cologuard test. “That way, we can continue to provide effective colorectal cancer screening without any disruptions in coverage,” says Dr. Limburg.
Colorectal Cancer Screening Saves Lives
Colorectal cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer death in the United States when men and women are combined, but it’s also one of the most preventable cancers when detected early.
Early stages of colorectal cancer usually don’t cause symptoms, which is one reason why screening is so important. Most colorectal cancers occur in people with no family history, but the risk is higher if you’ve had a close relative who has had the disease.
The FDA has approved Cologuard and Cologuard Plus for people with average risk.
For screening, people are considered to be at average risk if they do not have any of the following:
Personal history of colorectal cancer or certain types of polyps
Family history of colorectal cancer
Personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease)
Confirmed or suspected hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome
Personal history of getting radiation to the abdomen or pelvic area to treat a prior cancer
Body dysmorphic disorder, also called body dysmorphia, is a mental health condition that affects how you view and feel about your body and appearance. It involves intense preoccupation with one or multiple perceived “flaws” with the way you look that are minor or unnoticeable to others.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c9063863-24d8-4012-aa6c-9dbc1e5bc5af As a result of these thoughts, people with body dysmorphic disorder may repeatedly check the mirror, use makeup to cover up perceived “flaws,” or seek constant validation from others. They may also feel so ashamed, embarrassed, or anxious about their appearance that they avoid social situations. Some with the condition have surgery to “fix” the flaw, but often aren’t satisfied with the results.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c9063863-24d8-4012-aa6c-9dbc1e5bc5af There is no cure for body dysmorphic disorder, but there are effective treatments to address the symptoms.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c9063863-24d8-4012-aa6c-9dbc1e5bc5af
Signs and Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptoms Body dysmorphic disorder affects the way you think and feel about your appearance. Symptoms may include:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299417e2d5-56b3-476e-a018-fbc5d26d8fa1e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762922a08ea2-5915-471b-abd8-9a95b79a6029e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976292a5835cf-304c-4d97-94aa-7f046a72ce1a Extreme preoccupation with a perceived “flaw” that appears minor or that others don’t notice at all Excessive time (3 to 8 hours or more) spent thinking about a perceived flaw; these thoughts are difficult to control Compulsion to look in the mirror or another reflective surface like a window to check your appearance Shame or disgust about your appearance or perceived flaw An all-consuming belief that your perceived flaw makes you “ugly” or “deformed” Attempts to hide a perceived flaw with makeup, styling, or clothes. Constantly comparing your appearance to how others look Frequent attempts to get validation about your appearance from others. Surgical procedures undergone to “fix” a perceived flaw, often with little satisfaction with the results Avoidance of social situations due to anxiety, shame, or embarrassment Thoughts of self-harm or suicide This perpetual obsession with your appearance, excessive thoughts, and repetitive behaviors are often unwanted and difficult to control. They may take up so much of your time and energy that it takes a significant toll on your daily life, leading to problems with your social life, work, school, or other areas of functioning.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629ab98b611-2df3-4201-b204-4f6595fac9b4 You may overly focus on one area of your body or multiple areas, and these areas can change over time. The most common body parts that people with body dysmorphic disorder focus on are:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629be909477-bb57-4854-82c8-ef9c1d891a73e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629e85a48ad-f391-4557-9be6-baa66ab357e6 Face, including your nose, acne, wrinkles, complexion, or blemishes Hair and its appearance, including thinning or baldness Chest or breast size Muscle size and tone Hips, thighs, or buttocks Genitalia, including penis size or overall appearance of one’s genitals
Causes and Risk Factors of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Causes The exact cause of body dysmorphic disorder is not well understood. It’s likely due to a combination of factors, including:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976298fd11daf-7a0f-48e7-aac9-4eb479676872e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762924eb4991-9a80-4c13-815f-b3e05151f234 Genetics: You are 3 to 8 times more likely to develop body dysmorphic disorder if you have a first-degree relative (such as a parent or sibling) with the condition. Brain structure and function: Certain areas of the brain work differently in people who have body dysmorphic disorder. These areas of the brain may be overactive, causing thoughts and actions to be difficult to control. Certain brain chemicals: Problems with the brain chemical serotonin are thought to be a potential cause of body dysmorphic disorder. Cultural influences: Life in a society with high pressures and expectations of beauty can increase your risk of developing the disorder. History of childhood abuse or neglect: A history of adverse childhood experiences increases your risk of developing body dysmorphic disorder. Bullying: Being bullied or teased as a child may increase your likelihood of developing the condition. Certain personality traits: Certain qualities like perfectionism can increase your risk for the condition. Other mental health conditions: Anxiety or depression can raise your risk for body dysmorphic disorder.
How Is Body Dysmorphic Disorder Diagnosed? Diagnosis There are no medical tests that can diagnose body dysmorphic disorder, but there are other ways a mental health professional can determine if you have the condition. This includes talking to a healthcare provider about your symptoms. They may use a screening tool, a specialized set of questions designed to help your provider understand your symptoms.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629914ccd27-a88e-4000-b5e8-149e84675b00 Then, your provider will compare your symptoms with the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , fifth edition (DSM-5), the manual used to diagnose mental health conditions like body dysmorphic disorder.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629914ccd27-a88e-4000-b5e8-149e84675b00 Some people with body dysmorphic disorder live with the condition for many years before seeking formal diagnosis. That may be because they don’t realize their symptoms are signs of a mental health condition or because they are embarrassed or afraid to ask for help.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629914ccd27-a88e-4000-b5e8-149e84675b00 If you notice signs and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder in yourself, try to see your healthcare provider or a mental health professional as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment may reduce its severity.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629914ccd27-a88e-4000-b5e8-149e84675b00
Treatment and Medication Options for Body Dysmorphic Disorder Treatment There’s no cure for body dysmorphic disorder, but effective treatments are available to help manage its symptoms.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976292e44546e-c3a9-47d5-9e96-341989750417e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762903323056-2820-4393-9f8f-52761ee57ee1 Treatment for body dysmorphic disorder commonly involves psychotherapy (talk therapy) and medications. Occasionally, severe symptoms may warrant hospitalization.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976292e44546e-c3a9-47d5-9e96-341989750417e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762903323056-2820-4393-9f8f-52761ee57ee1 Talk Therapy Talk therapy involves meeting with a licensed therapist to talk about your symptoms and and find ways to manage those symptoms. Two common types of talk therapy used to treat body dysmorphic disorder are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and family therapy .e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976290172a6d4-5846-4bb7-8562-b504656c07b2e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629df0ef433-b520-4fdf-8494-68f6805e6084 CBT is a type of therapy that can help you understand how negative thoughts, feelings, and behaviors feed into your symptoms, challenge those thoughts, and learn other ways to manage your symptoms that do not include mirror checking, reassurance seeking, or excessive use of cosmetic procedures. Family Therapy is a type of therapy that involves multiple family members meeting with a therapist to improve relationships within the family unit and behaviors among family members. Medication Although no medications are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for body dysmorphic disorder, medications such as antidepressants can help manage symptoms. A class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be particularly effective for body dysmorphic disorder because the condition is thought to be related to issues with the brain chemical serotonin.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299c1268d9-4367-42a1-ac28-7a6deb1acb33e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629f674fd8d-dd35-40e7-8c1c-473d3102c7b1
Hospitalization If your symptoms are severe enough that they’re making it difficult for you to function, or if you’re having thoughts of self-harm or suicide, you may need to be temporarily hospitalized for your safety.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629236a1ff6-868e-41bb-bea9-6bb2301b3079
Prevention of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Prevention Because the root cause isn’t fully known, there’s currently no way to prevent or reduce risk of body dysmorphic disorder. But with treatment, it’s possible to manage the symptoms.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976292bbbe2e4-95af-41ef-a60e-02d4ed7c6d34
Lifestyle Changes for Body Dysmorphic Disorder Lifestyle Changes Along with standard treatment, the following lifestyle strategies can help you manage the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629b2ae1fe9-6a95-48c6-946e-95ed717a4856 Take your medications as prescribed. Most people with body dysmorphic disorder experience fewer symptoms and feel better when they take their medication. Don’t stop your medication without first talking to your doctor, as stopping suddenly could increase thoughts of suicide . See your therapist regularly. Talk therapy is an important treatment for body dysmorphic disorder, and attending these appointments with your therapist can help you learn the skills necessary to alleviate your symptoms. Therapy also increases the effectiveness of medication. Avoid cosmetic surgery. Many people with body dysmorphic disorder think that cosmetic surgery will make them feel better, but most of the time, it doesn’t. It may make you feel worse about your area of concern, and cause a perpetual cycle of cosmetic procedures.
How Long Does Body Dysmorphic Disorder Last? Prognosis and Outlook As mentioned, body dysmorphic disorder has no cure. Once you develop the condition, you will have it for life. But evidence-based treatments like therapy can lessen the frequency and severity of symptoms, resulting in fewer disruptions to your daily life.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762902283f9d-0d45-4640-b890-796269722acbe60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629bfb64255-7f51-46cd-9de5-114febf8fbef
Complications of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Complications If you have body dysmorphic disorder, the all-consuming negative thoughts and feelings about your appearance can become intense and cause distress. This distress can make it difficult to study, work, spend time with others, or complete your daily responsibilities.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976298e3a4ab3-2e73-43c8-bc8b-b2b29184fe40 Body dysmorphic disorder tends to get worse over time if it’s not treated. Thoughts of self-harm and suicide are common in those with the disorder, and these thoughts tend to intensify if the condition is untreated. Up to 80 percent of people living with untreated body dysmorphic disorder have suicidal thoughts, and nearly 25 percent of people with the condition attempt suicide. People with body dysmorphic disorder are also 45 times more likely to die by suicide than those without it.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976298e3a4ab3-2e73-43c8-bc8b-b2b29184fe40 That’s why it’s important to see your doctor as soon as possible if you’re having symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder. Early diagnosis and treatment may stop these symptoms from getting worse.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976298e3a4ab3-2e73-43c8-bc8b-b2b29184fe40 Signs and symptoms of suicidal thoughts or behaviors may include:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629e641a673-7cd1-483f-8d37-7bd75b81a787 Mentioning death or wanting to die Feeling guilt, shame, or like a burden to others Emotional or physical pain that feels like it’s too much to bear Feelings of emptiness or hopelessness Intense sadness, anxiety, rage, agitation, or mood swings Increased drug or alcohol use Changes in eating or sleeping patterns Increased risky behaviors, such as driving too fast Social withdrawal or saying goodbye to loved ones with no other logical reason for doing so Researching ways to die or creating a plan Other complications of body dysmorphic disorder may include:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629460ff560-d9dd-4b28-85a4-4ce73b831e6fe60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629643bbdb6-462f-4773-91f7-37467694f492 Anxiety Bipolar spectrum disorders Depression Eating disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychotic disorders Substance abuse disorders, such as steroid use disorder in people whose condition affects their view of their muscles
Research and Statistics: Who Has Body Dysmorphic Disorder? Research and Statistics Body dysmorphic disorder typically begins to develop in the teen or early adult years. An estimated 2 to 3 percent of adults and 2 to 5 percent of adolescents in the United States have the condition. It happens more often in women than men.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629045a2770-2bd6-408c-9747-57e43eb1d36ae60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629d59f2da6-ccb8-4f03-9626-de950e755230
The Takeaway Body dysmorphic disorder is a mental health condition involving obsessive thoughts and worries around appearance or perceived “flaws,” which often seem minor or unnoticeable to others. The symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder can significantly disrupt one’s ability to function at work, school, their social life, and other areas. People with body dysmorphic disorder are at an increased risk for self-harm and suicidal thoughts, which is why early diagnosis and treatment are important. Although body dysmorphic disorder has no cure, treatments like talk therapy and medication can help manage the symptoms.
If you or a loved one is experiencing significant distress or having thoughts about suicide and need support, call or text 988 to reach the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24/7. If you need immediate help, call 911.For more help and information, see these Mental Health Resources and Helplines.
Resources We Trust Cleveland Clinic: Body Dysmorphic Disorder Mayo Clinic: Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Symptoms and Causes Johns Hopkins Medicine: Body Dysmorphic Disorder Anxiety & Depression Association of America: Body Dysmorphic Disorder National Health Service: Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
Laryngitis is inflammation of the voice box (larynx), which usually causes the voice to sound hoarse. It can even make some people lose their voice completely. When vocal cords work normally, they open and close smoothly and make sound through vibration. But when they are inflamed and swollen, the sounds produced are distorted, causing the voice to sound hoarse or weak. It can be temporary or chronic depending on the cause and treatment. Most cases of laryngitis are treatable, with recovery often occurring within a few weeks. Chronic laryngitis may require longer-term management.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629ba83026a-7a33-499b-8c83-f3d46ace7c15
Types of Laryngitis Types Laryngitis is categorized based on how long it lasts and what’s causing it. Acute Laryngitis This is the most common type of laryngitis and typically lasts for a few days to a week. It often comes with a sore throat , and it’s usually caused by viral infections like the common cold or flu . Chronic Laryngitis Chronic laryngitis lasts for more than three weeks and is usually linked to irritants like smoking, acid reflux , or ongoing infections. It is usually painless and has no significant signs of infection.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629007cedbe-fe26-4adb-9701-364df37bc0df
Signs and Symptoms of Laryngitis Symptoms Acute laryngitis symptoms can vary in severity. These may include:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976298d9be0a2-82d5-48cd-b38c-8998e1b14ce3 Hoarseness or a loss of voice Sore throat or scratchy feeling Dry throat and difficulty swallowing Coughing Fatigue or general discomfort The most common symptom of chronic laryngitis is hoarseness. Other symptoms may include:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762950527759-8233-47f4-969d-0c237bdb2c4d Low, raspy voice Voice that easily breaks or cracks A lump-in-the-throat sensation Dry throat Constant urge to clear the throat Heavy mucus Pain with swallowing Chronic cough or postnasal drip
Causes and Risk Factors of Laryngitis Causes Laryngitis can be caused by several factors, including infections, irritants, and certain lifestyle habits. Causes of Acute Laryngitis Some common causes of acute laryngitis include: Viral infections such as the common cold or flu Bacterial infections, although those are less common Vocal strain from excessive talking, shouting, or singing Causes of Chronic Laryngitis Chronic laryngitis is usually caused by exposure to irritants over a period of time, leading to vocal strain, injuries, or growths on the vocal cords, which are called polyps or nodules. The most common causes of chronic laryngitis include: Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke Acid reflux where stomach acid irritates the throat (also called GERD ) Allergies or environmental irritants like dust or chemicals Consistent overuse of voice (as in teachers or performers) Less commonly, chronic laryngitis can be caused by bacterial or fungal infections or infections with certain parasites. Cancer , vocal cord paralysis, and bowing of vocal cords (caused by aging or paralysis) can also cause chronic laryngitis.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629abaec887-1bbf-4247-baba-c670c36ae9fc
How Is Laryngitis Diagnosed? Diagnosis To diagnose laryngitis, a healthcare provider typically begins with a physical exam that includes a review of your symptoms. If the symptoms are chronic, a review of medical history and additional tests may be necessary to determine the underlying cause. Common diagnostic procedures include: Laryngoscopy A doctor may use a small camera to view the vocal cords and throat for signs of inflammation. Throat Culture If a bacterial infection is suspected, a throat swab may be taken to test for bacterial growth. Biopsy If there is a small nodule or lump on the vocal cords, a small piece of tissue may be taken and sent to the lab for analysis.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762940a9a4d8-e348-4906-a7e0-ea631685d21e
Treatment and Medication Options for Laryngitis Treatment Treatment for laryngitis typically focuses on alleviating symptoms and addressing any underlying causes. Most cases of acute laryngitis that are caused by a cold or other minor infection probably don’t need treatment. Laryngitis caused by something else may need treatment, depending on the underlying cause. Medication Options Some cases of laryngitis may be treated with one or more of the following medications.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629f8e39add-b155-4270-bb69-0a4dc8d5a694 Pain Relievers Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help relieve throat pain. Corticosteroids In cases of severe inflammation, a doctor may prescribe corticosteroids to reduce swelling. They’re usually only prescribed when there is an urgent need to treat. Antibiotics Most cases of laryngitis are caused by a virus, and so antibiotics aren’t effective. But if a bacterial infection is the cause, antibiotics may be necessary. Surgery Surgery is not typically required for laryngitis unless there is an underlying structural issue, such as vocal cord nodules, cysts, polyps or tumors, causing prolonged symptoms. This type of surgery can be performed with tiny surgical instruments, called microsurgery, or vocal cord laser surgery. Voice rest and voice therapy are often necessary after surgery.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629ffa11479-30b3-4a52-8e85-93cf95176e1c Voice Therapy Voice therapy may help treat hoarseness and laryngitis. Trained speech therapists, respiratory therapists, and voice coaches use breathing exercises, tension release exercises, and voice building exercises to help strengthen the voice.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629d7214214-64af-4db3-addc-a76f1e80e5a5 Home Remedies Steps you can take on your own to ease the sore throat that comes with acute laryngitis include: Use a humidifier Use a portable nebulizer (available over the counter) with saline solution Gargle with salt watere60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629de9cceea-18e9-4c94-8bd4-d3c3683976a2 Suck on hard candies, ice chips, or ice pops Drink warm fluids, like tea or soup
Prevention of Laryngitis Prevention While some cases of laryngitis are unavoidable, there are several ways to reduce your risk: Avoid smoking. Don’t smoke, and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. Practice good hygiene. Wash your hands frequently to prevent infections. Don’t clear your throat. Clearing your throat makes the vocal cords vibrate abnormally, which can cause swelling and make the throat more irritated. Limit vocal strain. If you use your voice a lot, give your vocal cords regular breaks. Don’t whisper, as that can further strain the voice box.
Lifestyle Changes for Laryngitis Lifestyle Changes A few lifestyle adjustments such as the following can help you manage laryngitis or prevent future flare-ups: Avoid acidic foods. Spicy, acidic, and fatty foods can trigger reflux and worsen laryngitis. If laryngitis is reflux-related, your doctor may recommend medicines for acid reflux. Avoid eating big meals. For laryngitis caused by acid reflux, it may help to eat several small meals instead of one or two big meals. Don’t lie down for at least three hours after eating, especially if it’s a big meal. Stay hydrated. Drink plenty of water to keep the throat moist.
How Long Does Laryngitis Last? Prognosis and Outlook The duration of laryngitis depends on the type and cause. In most cases, acute laryngitis will last a week or two. Symptoms that last more than three weeks could mean chronic laryngitis, which may continue until the underlying cause is addressed. This would be a good time to see your doctor. In some cases, laryngitis may require ongoing management.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762979a4afbd-dcca-47b3-a080-8d31ba28a414
Complications of Laryngitis Complications Most cases of laryngitis resolve without complications, but rarely, it may cause breathing difficulties or severe respiratory distress. If you experience trouble breathing or swallowing, seek immediate medical attention.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976297013059f-aefa-46a4-9cd0-ed4ccfc0d80d In children, two complications of laryngitis may occur: Croup This narrows the airway passages, causes difficulty breathing, and leads to a “barking” cough. Epiglottitis The epiglottis is the flap of cartilage at the back of the tongue which closes off the windpipe when swallowing. When it becomes inflamed, it can swell and make breathing difficult.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629f9bbad14-862e-4d37-9189-28708795fdd4
When to Seek Immediate Medical Care for Laryngitis People should seek immediate medical care for laryngitis if they experience any of the following signs or symptoms:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629829880a4-b5e8-4c2d-bbf1-9477c7259cc1 Trouble breathing Coughing up blood Fever that won’t go away Sore throat has gotten worse over a period of weeks Hoarseness that hasn’t resolved after four weeks should be evaluated with a laryngoscopy by an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) doctor. For children, seek immediate care if they: Make noisy, high-pitched breathing sounds when inhaling Drool more than usual Have trouble swallowing or breathing Have a fever
Research and Statistics: How Many People Have Laryngitis? Research and Statistics Laryngitis is a common condition, with acute cases affecting millions of people each year, especially during the cold and flu season. Most people will have laryngitis once every few years. Chronic laryngitis is less common. Research suggests that about 1 in every 5 adults will have chronic laryngitis during their lifetime.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976292edc18ed-aa94-4a29-a8a2-13c2248c5d79
Conditions Related to Laryngitis Related Conditions Laryngitis may be related to or occur alongside other conditions, including. Upper Respiratory Infections These are characterized by irritation and swelling of the upper respiratory airways with cough but with no signs of pneumonia . They can involve the nose, sinuses, pharynx , and larynx. Common terms for these infections are a cold, the flu, and acute bronchitis .e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629f2691133-10a3-412a-8410-c6454f2b6805 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) In this common condition, the stomach contents move up into the esophagus. The resulting burning, difficulty swallowing, and sore throat can contribute to chronic laryngitis (reflux laryngitis).e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c54f409a-1298-46bd-866e-9d03c388498c Allergies The immune system overreacts in people with allergies, causing the body to produce extra mucus. Allergens get caught in that mucus and can cause the throat to swell and get sore — and it may also make people clear their throat more.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629f0d775f7-1a5d-4b25-8927-335be5cf4c72
The Takeaway Laryngitis is a condition caused by inflammation of the vocal cords, leading to hoarseness and potential loss of voice. Most cases are temporary and are caused by a viral infection like a cold or the flu. Chronic laryngitis is laryngitis that lasts longer than three weeks and often has an underlying cause such as smoking or overusing the voice. If symptoms last longer than three weeks or worsen, consult a healthcare provider to rule out underlying conditions.
Resources We Trust Mayo Clinic: Voice DisordersCleveland Clinic: Relief When Allergies Give You a Sore ThroatNational Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: Taking Care of Your VoiceCenters for Disease Control and Prevention: About Respiratory IllnessesNational Library of Medicine: Acute Laryngitis
If you’re dealing with insomnia, prescription sleep medications can help you fall asleep. However, they’re not meant to replace good sleep habits, and most are not intended to be used indefinitely.
For one thing, many prescription sleep medications come with dangerous side effects. “I encourage people to limit their use of prescription sleep aids, which have been associated with various side effects, including sleepwalking, next-day grogginess, falls, and increasing airway collapsibility with sleep,” says Dr. Tsai.
Prescription sleep aids also come with a risk of dependency. “While most prescription sleep aids don’t have significant potential for physical addiction, people can become psychologically dependent on them fairly easily,” says Phil Gehrman, PhD, professor of clinical psychology in psychiatry at the hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Eventually, you may feel like you can’t get to sleep without medication.
Some people may also notice that, over time, the sleep medications become less effective, or that they require higher dosages to be effective, Tsai adds.
“They are generally recommended only for short-term use, one month or less,” Dr. Gehrman says. For help with maintaining a good sleep routine during a time period of temporary stress (a common cause of insomnia), prescription sleep aids may be a good short-term solution, he notes. But remember, as goes for all prescription medications, they should be used only under the direction of your doctor.
Reyna Franco, RDN, is a New York City–based dietitian-nutritionist, certified specialist in sports dietetics, and certified personal trainer. She is a diplomate of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine and has a master’s degree in nutrition and exercise physiology from Columbia University.
In her private practice, she provides medical nutrition therapy for weight management, sports nutrition, diabetes, cardiac disease, renal disease, gastrointestinal disorders, cancer, food allergies, eating disorders, and childhood nutrition. To serve her diverse patients, she demonstrates cultural sensitivity and knowledge of customary food practices. She applies the tenets of lifestyle medicine to reduce the risk of chronic disease and improve health outcomes for her patients.
Franco is also a corporate wellness consultant who conducts wellness counseling and seminars for organizations of every size. She taught sports nutrition to medical students at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, taught life cycle nutrition and nutrition counseling to undergraduate students at LaGuardia Community College, and precepts nutrition students and interns. She created the sports nutrition rotation for the New York Distance Dietetic Internship program.
She is the chair of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine’s Registered Dietitian-Nutritionist Member Interest Group. She is also the treasurer and secretary of the New York State Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, having previously served in many other leadership roles for the organization, including as past president, awards committee chair, and grant committee chair, among others. She is active in the local Greater New York Dietetic Association and Long Island Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, too.
It might be easier to clear up a common vaginal infection if both women and their male partners take antibiotics, a new study suggests.
The study focused on bacterial vaginosis, a condition experienced by roughly 1 in 3 women that can cause a fishy or musty smell, unusual discharge, and itching and irritation around the vagina, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). While it’s possible to cure bacterial vaginosis with antibiotics, many women experience repeat infections — even after multiple courses of treatment.
Treatment for Male Partners Cut Bacterial Vaginosis Recurrence Nearly in Half
For the study, researchers wanted to see whether standard treatment — a week of antibiotics just for women — might work better by also giving their male partners a week of oral antibiotics and topical antibiotics applied to the penis.
Scientists randomly assigned 83 monogamous couples to standard treatment for only the women, then gave another 81 couples treatment for both partners.
After 12 weeks, 35 percent of the women whose partners also received antibiotics got bacterial vaginosis again — compared with 63 percent of the women whose male partners were not treated, according to study findings reported in the New England Journal of Medicine.
Bacterial Vaginosis May Actually Be an STI
These results suggest that bacterial vaginosis, which isn’t currently categorized as a sexually transmitted infection, might actually be spread through sex, says the lead study author, Lenka Vodstrcil, PhD, a researcher at Monash University and the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre in Australia.
“Our study has shown that reinfection from an untreated sexual partner is a significant driver of BV-recurrence,” Dr. Vodstrcil says. “This simple intervention will reduce a woman’s risk of reinfection and increase her probability of being cured.”
There also seemed to be little risk to treating men. A majority of them experienced no side effects, and those who did most often reported mild issues like nausea and headaches, the study found.
What Causes Bacterial Vaginosis?
Bacterial vaginosis develops when the natural mix of bacteria in the vagina, known as the vaginal flora, becomes unbalanced. This happens when natural levels of healthy vaginal bacteria known as lactobacilli get too low, and levels of unhealthy bacteria known as anaerobes get too high, per Mayo Clinic.
While bacterial vaginosis can happen to anyone with a vagina, it’s more common in people who have naturally low levels of lactobacilli and in individuals who reduce levels of these healthy bacteria by douching or cleansing the vagina too much, Mayo Clinic says.
Another risk factor for bacterial vaginosis is sexual activity and a new partner or a variety of partners, according to Mayo Clinic.
Tips for Preventing Bacterial Vaginosis and Recurrence
There are three good ways to prevent bacterial vaginosis, per Mayo Clinic:
Avoid scented products. Wash the genitals only with warm water, and steer clear of scented soaps, tampons, or maxi pads.
Don’t douche. Douching isn’t necessary, and it can alter the vaginal flora and make you more prone to bacterial vaginosis.
Practice safe sex. You can help prevent unhealthy bacteria in the vagina by using condoms and keeping sex toys clean.
The new study offers fresh evidence that safe sex can also make it easier to get rid of bacterial vaginosis once you have it, says Christina Muzny, MD, a professor of epidemiology and obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Alabama in Birmingham, who wasn’t involved in the new study.
“We recommend consistent condom use in women, avoidance of douching, and now treatment of male sexual partners if they get a bacterial vaginosis infection,” Dr. Muzny says.
Kristeen Cherney, PhD, is a freelance writer, essayist, author, and poet with more than 15 years of health writing experience for digital platforms such as Healthline, The Mighty, and LiveStrong. She’s covered nutrition, women’s and children’s wellness issues, as well as specialized topics ranging from diabetes and thyroid disease to anxiety, depression, asthma, allergies, and skin conditions.
With a doctorate in English (rhetoric and composition), Dr. Cherney focuses her academic scholarship on the intersection between disability and literacy. She also holds a Master of Arts in English and a Bachelor of Arts in communication.
Cherney has contributed to the books The Wiley Handbook on Violence in Education: Forms, Factors, and Preventions, Composing in Four Acts: Readings for Writers, and Georgia State University’s Guide to First-Year Writing, as well as to scholarly journals like Praxis, the Journal of Teaching Writing, and the Journal of Dracula Studies.
Cherney enjoys running, meditating, hiking, and paddleboarding.
