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Mediterranean Diet May Lower Cancer Risk

People who closely follow a Mediterranean diet may have a lower risk of obesity-related cancers, even if eating this way doesn’t help them lose weight or slim down their waistlines, a new study suggests.

“The Mediterranean diet is rich in foods that support overall health and help protect against diseases, including cancer,” says the lead study author, Inmaculada Aguilera-Buenosvinos, PhD, a researcher in preventive medicine and public health at the University of Navarra in Pamplona, Spain.

“While obesity is a known risk factor for many types of cancer, our study found that even without significant weight loss, people who follow a Mediterranean diet have a lower risk of developing obesity-related cancers,” Dr. Aguilera-Buenosvinos says.

Mediterranean Diet Improves Health Even if Weight Doesn’t Change

For the study, researchers examined data on about 450,000 adults who were 51 years old on average and had no history of cancer. At the start of the study, participants provided detailed information about their eating habits, lifestyle, and medical history, and had measurements taken for their height, weight, and waist circumference.

During a follow-up period of about 15 years, 4.9 percent of the study participants developed obesity-related cancers, according to findings published in JAMA Network Open. Those cancers included certain tumors that grow in the esophagus, breast, colon or rectum, uterus, gallbladder, stomach, kidneys, liver, bile ducts, ovaries, pancreas, thyroid, brain, and blood cells.

People who most closely followed a Mediterranean diet were 6 percent less likely to develop obesity-related cancers, the study found. Participants’ BMI and waist size didn’t appear to influence how much their eating habits impacted cancer risk, the study also found.

The Mediterranean Diet Is Rich in Antioxidants and Anti-Inflammatory Foods

While the study wasn’t designed to prove whether or how a Mediterranean diet might directly prevent cancer, this way of eating includes lots of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-rich foods that might have a protective effect, Aguilera-Buenosvinos says. These foods include:

Fruits and vegetables, which provide fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants that help reduce damage to cells.
Legumes and whole grains, which support healthy digestion and help control blood sugar levels.
Olive oil, which is rich in healthy fats that reduce inflammation.
Fish and nuts, sources of omega-3 fatty acids, which may protect against chronic diseases.

At the same time, the Mediterranean diet limits processed foods, red and processed meats, and added sugars, which have been linked to increased cancer risk, Aguilera-Buenosvinos says.

“This combination of nutrient-rich foods and the reduction of harmful ones creates an environment in the body that is less favorable for cancer to develop,” Aguilera-Buenosvinos says.

Because obesity can lead to inflammation throughout the body that increases the risk of some cancers, the ability of the Mediterranean diet to reduce inflammation might reduce cancer risk even when people remain overweight or obese, says Kerry St. Pierre, a licensed nutritionist in New York City and the secretary of the cancer interest group at the American College of Lifestyle Medicine.

“Consuming an abundance of foods rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nutrients such as those emphasized in the Mediterranean diet is especially important if obesity-related chronic inflammation is present, as it is likely these foods mitigate the damaging effects of low-grade systemic inflammation,” says St. Pierre, who wasn’t involved in the new study.

Other Lifestyle Factors May Have Influenced Lower Risk

One limitation of the study is that it relied on participants to accurately recall and report on what they ate. Another drawback is that there may have been too few participants who were overweight or had obesity to properly assess whether the Mediterranean diet helps prevent cancer by causing reductions in body weight or waist size.

It’s also possible that other aspects of participants’ lifestyles that weren’t measured by the study helped explain their reduced cancer risk, says Dawn Hershman, MD, the deputy director of the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center at Columbia University in New York City.

“Mediterranean diet adherence is likely associated with many health behaviors that may reduce the risk of cancer,” says Dr. Hershman, who wasn’t involved in the new study. “While some were corrected for in this analysis, not all health behaviors may have been assessed.”

Even so, there are many health benefits to following a Mediterranean diet, including its potential to reduce cancer risk, says Graham Colditz, MD, DrPH, a professor and the associate director of prevention and control at the Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.

“Overall, the approach to eating focuses on a collection of foods and nutrients that could help lower cancer risk beyond the impact of weight control by itself,” says Dr. Colditz, who wasn’t involved in the new study.

How to Ease Into a Mediterranean Diet

A Mediterranean diet can make a difference even when you don’t eat this way for every single meal, Colditz adds.

“It’s great to start with small changes and build slowly from there,” Colditz says.

You might, for example, try adding more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to one or two meals a week, or consider replacing red and processed meats with chicken, fish, or beans, Colditz suggests. You might also use olive oil instead of butter or other saturated fats for cooking.

When it comes to cancer prevention, however, there’s one piece of the Mediterranean diet that you may want to go without — the alcohol.

“While moderate drinking can be a traditional part of the Mediterranean diet, we know that zero alcohol is actually the best option when it comes to cancer risk,” Colditz says. “So cutting back on alcohol by choosing water or other low-calorie, low-sugar options can be a healthy change to work toward as well.”

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Health Benefits of Grapes

Eating grapes on their own may be the most common way to consume them, but there are many ways to incorporate them into salads and other sweet and savory dishes.

Fruit Salad

Combine your favorite fruits in a colorful fruit salad, such as this recipe from the Vegan Recipe Bowl.

Fruits that may go well with grapes include these choices:

Kiwifruit
Oranges
Pears
Apples
Peaches
Plums
Bananas

Here are some tips for making your salad shine:

Choose a variety of colors.
Use a combination of soft and hard fruits to vary the texture.
Use whole grapes or cut them in half and remove the seeds.
Wash the fruits well but keep the skins on for color and fiber.
Avoid adding sugar or liquid; the natural juices in the fruits will prevent them from drying out.
Serve with low-fat Greek yogurt and top with chopped nuts for extra crunch and protein.
Use approximately a handful of grapes per person.

Refreshing Grape Smoothie

For breakfast or an energy boost during the day, try this tangy-sweet grape smoothie recipe from A Couple Cooks.

You’ll need these ingredients:

Turn Grapes Into Healthy Popsicles

Frozen grapes make a tasty treat in the summer and can substitute for popsicles. Freeze red or white grapes as they are or try this recipe from Healthy Little Peach for a tart candylike snack.

You’ll need these ingredients:

Seedless green grapes
Lime juice
Granulated monk fruit sweetener (as a low-carb sugar substitute)

Don’t give frozen grapes to young children, as they may pose a choking hazard.

Grapes in Your PB&J

Who doesn’t love a classic peanut butter and grape jelly sandwich? Still, just 1 tablespoon of grape jelly can add 8 g of added sugar to your sandwich.

Instead of jelly, try sliced grapes with peanut butter for the same sweet and salty contrast.

Snack Platter Featuring Grapes

Mixing grapes with cheese, nuts, or both will give you a range of essential nutrients. Grapes provide fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants, while the cheese and nuts are good sources of protein.

For adults, include some olives and celery or carrot sticks.
For older children, make skewers of grapes and cheese cubes for a healthy snack.
For younger children, avoid nuts and cut the grapes and cheese into small pieces as they can be a choking hazard.

Grapes in Savory Salads

Add grapes to a crunchy and nutritious savory salad, as in this recipe from The Clever Meal.

Just mix the following:

Lettuce or leafy baby greens
Red or green grapes
Blue cheese
Walnuts
Celery
A light homemade vinaigrette dressing, made with with Dijon mustard, olive oil, and vinegar

The cheese and walnuts add protein, and the homemade vinaigrette avoids the added sugar often found in store-bought dressings.

Oatmeal Sweetened With Grapes

Oatmeal is a healthy, fiber-rich breakfast option. Plain oatmeal can be bland, so people often choose flavored or sweetened versions — but these can be high in sugar.

Instead, opt for plain oatmeal and stir in some chopped grapes as a sweetener. They’ll also add fiber and vitamins to your bowl.

Healthy Grape Sorbet

Grape sorbet makes a light and fruity dessert. Try this recipe from Live Eat Learn.

You’ll need these ingredients:

Frozen grapes
A dash of honey
Lemon juice and zest

Puree the frozen grapes in a food processor, mix in the other ingredients, and your sorbet is ready.

Roasted Grapes

Here is a novel way to serve grapes as a side with savory dishes or cheese. See the recipe on Glamorosi Cooks for details.

For four people, you’ll need these items:

1 pound of seedless grapes
1 tablespoon of olive oil
1 clove of garlic
2 sprigs of fresh rosemary
Salt and pepper to taste

You’ll need to toss the ingredients together, then roast them for 30 minutes.

Homemade Grape Juice

Homemade grape juice has more nutrients and less sugar than processed store-bought grape juice.

Try this recipe from FoodViva.com for grape juice with no added sugar.

Put these ingredients in a blender:

2 cups of sweet grapes
1 to 1.5 cups of water
6 to 8 ice cubes
Half a lemon or lime if you want a tarter taste

It’s important to note that grape juice is healthier than soda, especially if you make it at home, but juice can be high in sugar and doesn’t have the same nutrients as whole grapes. “There are minerals that are only contained in the skin, like copper, manganese, and potassium, and some antioxidants that are part of the pigment of the skin, particularly in purple and red grapes,” Dr. Frediani says.

She adds, “Juicing removes the fiber in the skin of the grape, so there is not any fiber in grape juice. Also, grape juice has more concentrated sugar than a handful of grapes. It takes a lot of grapes to make a glass of juice, so you are going to have way more total carbohydrates in there regardless of it says it is unsweetened or not.”

People living with diabetes should note that grape juice is more concentrated in natural sugars, and because it’s a liquid, it could also have a more rapid response with a blood sugar elevation than eating the whole fruit, says Kimberlain.

Try Different Varieties of Grapes

In addition to the standard red and green grapes, there are many specialty varieties. The Foundation for Fresh Produce suggests keeping an eye out for these:

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What Is Vasculitis?

Vasculitis is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the blood vessels. It can affect arteries, veins, and capillaries. This condition causes blood vessel walls to swell, which restricts blood flow to vital organs. In some cases, vasculitis can cause serious complications. There are many different types of vasculitis, which can be triggered by infections, autoimmune disorders, or reactions to certain medications.
Types of Vasculitis Types Vasculitis can be classified into several types based on the size of the blood vessels affected and the underlying cause. ANCA-Associated Vasculitis This includes granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). This type of vasculitis affects the small vessels, such as capillaries, venules, and arterioles in any organ in the body; it’s commonly found in the skin, kidneys and nerves.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629fc734d3b-1243-47d2-afdb-200024bae339 Behcet ’s Disease Behcet’s disease causes blood vessel inflammation throughout the body, causing such symptoms as mouth sores, skin lesions, eye inflammation, and genital sores.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976295e8d4844-50ec-4553-a7ff-aab2ae74972f Buerger’s Disease Also called thromboangiitis obliterans, Buerger’s disease leads to reduced blood flow in the arteries and veins in the arms and legs and potentially to blood clots in the blood vessels. People with this condition almost always smoke cigarettes.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629ae737d00-df95-4e00-8a9c-65c1aee68699 Central Nervous System (CNS) Vasculitis This type of vasculitis involves inflammation of the blood vessel walls in the brain or spine, which make up the CNS. It often occurs alongside other autoimmune conditions, or with an infection or another type of vasculitis.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629ebe1ac88-9801-4baa-995a-da66b962a363 Churg-Strauss Syndrome Now known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), this type of vasculitis most commonly affects the lungs, skin, gastrointestinal tract, heart, and nervous system. Early symptoms may include asthma , allergic reactions , and sinusitis.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629694eb6ff-9604-4f78-bad0-7da3bdbf9208 Cryoglobulinemia This type of vasculitis is characterized by the presence of cryoglobulins, atypical proteins in the blood that can clump together, block blood flow, and damage the skin, joints, nerves, and organs, especially the kidneys and liver. Cryoglobulinemia can be triggered by cold temperatures, sometimes leading to lack of blood flow to the fingers and toes, which are more subject to cold.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762909e97c1b-65f2-4658-a915-40c7dde12c27 Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) Formerly called temporal arteritis, GCA is the most common form of vasculitis. It primarily affects white women and older adults (over 50), causing inflammation in the large arteries of the head and neck, which can lead to complications including blindness. GCA sometimes occurs along with polymyalgia rheumatica .e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629091a64fc-33b1-4ea3-913f-d6a13edddc99 Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Also known as IgA vasculitis, this condition affects small blood vessels and typically involves the skin, joints, intestines, and kidneys. It typically causes a purple rash on the lower legs and buttocks and can cause abdominal pain and aching joints. It’s most common in children under 10 years old.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976293a362968-bab4-496c-b9a7-cd8b8def7da2 Kawasaki Disease This rare condition is most common between the ages of 6 months and 5 years. It causes inflammation in all the arteries but is most concerning when it affects the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629ac8b7bb1-1e5f-42dd-a06f-e19fb3b8bfe7 Takayasu Arteritis This form of vasculitis affects large arteries like the aorta, which can lead to arm or chest pain, high blood pressure, and eventually heart failure or stroke . It usually affects girls and women younger than 40 years old.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976297f6f1296-69f2-4995-bdc4-3ce475dd2ff3 Wegener’s Vasculitis Now known as granulomatosis with polyangiitis, it affects the small blood vessels, most commonly in the upper respiratory tract, lungs, and kidneys.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629816f4d7c-8226-4fb3-a140-84049e07fd1a
Signs and Symptoms of Vasculitis Symptoms The general symptoms of most types of vasculitis include: Fever Headache Fatigue Weight loss General aches and paine60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629866fdc5e-5450-4b85-b3a7-1022307341a7 Symptoms may be mild or severe and may happen only once or recur regularly. Some people may not have symptoms until the disease is very advanced. The symptoms of vasculitis vary depending on where in the body the blood vessel swelling and impeded blood flow is happening. Other symptoms may include: Heart Fatigue, dizziness, lightheadedness, impaired breathing, and chest pain Lungs Chest pain, impaired breathing, asthma, and coughing up blood Central Nervous System Headache, impaired vision, nerve damage, and even stroke Extremities Pain, stiffness, numbness, discoloration, and weakness in the arms, legs, hands, and feet Kidneys Elevated blood pressure, weight loss, nausea, blood in urine Digestive Tract Abdominal pain, blood in stools, and weight loss. Skin Sores or lesions, rash, and discoloration, including purpura — a condition that causes red or purple spots on the skin or in the mucous membranes Eyes Eye pain, blurred vision, vision loss, and red eyes Ears Hearing issues, hearing loss, and ear pressure Nose Sinus problems, congestion, and nosebleedse60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976297f1fd479-c4e4-433e-acee-142f6672155d
Causes and Risk Factors of Vasculitis Causes Some people get vasculitis without any known cause or trigger (idiopathic), while others may have a condition or external factor that triggers it. Triggers may include the following: Infections Certain infections, such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C can trigger vasculitis. Medications Some drugs, including hydralazine, allopurinol, minocycline and propylthiouracil may trigger vasculitis. Although anyone can get vasculitis, there are some factors associated with an increased risk. Genetics In some cases, genetic predisposition may increase the risk. Behcet’s disease, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and Kawasaki disease sometimes run in families. Blood Cancers Blood cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma can cause vasculitis. Immune System Diseases Autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis , lupus , and scleroderma are associated with a higher risk of vasculitis. Age Some types, such as giant cell arteritis, are more common in adults over age 50. Kawasaki disease is most common in children younger than 5. Gender Certain types of vasculitis, like Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis are more prevalent in women. Buerger’s disease is more common in men. Drug Use Using cocaine and smoking tobacco may increase the risk for some types of vasculitis.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629bb28fe67-406a-4028-b318-069ecabdce98
How Is Vasculitis Diagnosed? Diagnosis A vasculitis diagnosis involves a combination of your medical history, a physical examination, and diagnostic tests. You may be referred to a rheumatologist, a type of specialist who treats inflammatory diseases. Diagnostic tests may include: Blood Tests Elevated levels of inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein, may suggest vasculitis. The presence of certain antibodies, such as anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), in the blood may also indicate vasculitis. In addition, a complete blood cell count is done to look for any abnormalities. Imaging CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds can help identify inflamed or damaged blood vessels to help determine which blood vessels and organs are affected. Biopsy In some cases, a small sample of the affected tissue such as the skin, kidney, temporal artery on the scalp, or lung is removed to look for signs of vasculitis. Angiography In this type of imaging, a thin catheter is used to inject dye into an artery or vein, then X-rays are done of the area of interest. The dye makes it possible for the outline of the blood vessels to show up on the X-rays, which can be useful in identifying signs of inflammation.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976298ef41596-1c71-49d3-8fe7-7f99f32f6d3c
Treatment and Medication Options for Vasculitis Treatment The goal of initial treatment for vasculitis is to reduce inflammation. Often, intensive pharmaceutical treatments to suppress the immune system and put the disease into remission are used initially, then treatment may be tapered to maintain remission and prevent disease flares.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762949894378-3be4-4da9-aefb-48e102327b12 Some types of vasculitis resolve without treatment. Buerger’s disease, for example, can go away with the cessation of smoking.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762933bd0891-3416-4f9f-8114-abc6f23f951d Medications Steroids and immunosuppressive drugs are the main drug options for treating vasculitis. Corticosteroids Medium to high doses of steroids such as prednisone are used to reduce inflammation rapidly. This often controls symptoms within a few days, and tapering of the dose is started two to four weeks after therapy is started. In some types of vasculitis, such as giant cell arteritis, higher doses may be needed for a longer period of time.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c822d24c-33d7-4d4c-8859-1c21d5fbab9c Immunosuppressive Drugs These drugs suppress the immune system to prevent it from attacking blood vessels. Depending on the type of vasculitis, medications used may include the following: tocilizumab (Actemra) methotrexate (Trexall) azathioprine (Imuran, Azasan) rituximab (Rituxan) mycophenolate (CellCept) cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976298a75e091-6b81-4f70-908e-23935f148e9b Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) These may be used by people with mild, non-organ-threatening vasculitis for pain management and for anti-inflammatory effects.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c96ab4f3-a087-4d49-900a-c18b81da0ac0 Examples of NSAIDS include: Aspirin Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) Surgery and Plasmapheresis Surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow if vasculitis damages the blood vessels.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299506cc7f-772e-4b16-b8b2-5baaa6576bb3 Sometimes, vasculitis causes an aneurysm , which is a bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel. This may require surgery to reduce the risk of rupture.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762914456c3d-3bb9-4337-a0fd-696055ad557b Plasmapheresis, a procedure in which a person’s blood plasma is removed and replaced with donor plasma or saline to lower levels of harmful antibodies in the blood, may be used in some severe cases.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762983208894-48b1-43f6-b3a0-0df28099f919
Prevention of Vasculitis Prevention Because it isn’t clear what causes vasculitis, there isn’t a known way to prevent it.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629f98e36b7-a150-4850-b33f-32decbe091b4
Lifestyle Changes for Vasculitis Lifestyle Changes Certain lifestyle and wellness habits may reduce the risk of vasculitis flare-ups or exacerbation. Regular Checkups Stay on top of health screenings, especially if you have a history of autoimmune disorders. Vaccination Stay up-to-date on vaccinations to reduce the risk of infections that could trigger vasculitis. Avoid Smoking Smoking is a known risk factor for some types of vasculitis. Healthy Lifestyle Maintain a healthful diet and get regular exercise.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629d0f814de-c125-4651-95b9-de738d75a19b
Vasculitis Prognosis Prognosis The data on the outlook, or prognosis, for vasculitis is limited. The available evidence suggests a good outcome for many people with the condition, but a lot depends on the type and severity of the condition and how quickly it is treated.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c11e4867-8ae5-43f9-bfc0-209354d84cf8 Some people with vasculitis may have irreversible vascular damage, while others may experience remission. Both people with active disease and those who are in remission may have to manage vasculitis for the rest of their lives.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629bdddf486-2b16-48f8-886e-4566ff38340d Certain types of vasculitis resolve without treatment.
Complications of Vasculitis Complications Vasculitis complications depend on the type and severity of your condition and how you respond to treatment. Some of the complications may be related to side effects of the prescription medications used to treat vasculitis. Complications may include: Organ damage: Some types of vasculitis can be severe, causing damage to major organs such as the heart, kidneys, or lungs. Blood clots and aneurysms: A blood clot may form in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow, which could cause a stroke. In rare cases, vasculitis will cause a blood vessel to weaken and bulge, forming an aneurysm. Vision loss or blindness: This may happen in giant cell arteritis. Infections: Some of the medications used to treat vasculitis suppress the immune system, which put you at a higher risk for infection.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629f4aa3133-ffd4-4b45-9323-ea0d0eef26da
When to Seek Immediate Medical Care for Vasculitis When to Seek Immediate Care People with vasculitis are at a higher risk for aneurysm, heart attack, and stroke. People experiencing any of the following symptoms should go to the emergency room or call 911 right away. Symptoms of a dissection or rupture caused by an aneurysm may include: Light-headedness Paleness Rapid heart rate Sudden, strong pain in the stomach, chest, or back, which can travel upward or downward Symptoms of a heart attack may include: Mild or strong chest pain or discomfort of the chest or upper stomach area Back, shoulder, or jaw pain Pain down the arm Shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, unusual tirednesse60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762916661c9f-3fb6-4cfa-805e-b3eb0941c66c Symptoms of stroke may include: Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech Loss of vision in one or both eyes Sudden trouble walking and issues with balance and coordinatione60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629b86f69e8-3521-42d6-81a0-b77e0a43ac14
Research and Statistics: How Many People Have Vasculitis Research and Statistics Vasculitis is relatively rare: Fewer than 50 out of every million people in the United States develop it each year.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629571606ae-523f-44ee-8292-64f134fa00c8
Conditions Related to Vasculitis Related Conditions Vasculitis can coexist with other autoimmune conditions, inflammatory diseases, or infections like hepatitis B or C. Rheumatoid Arthritis A chronic autoimmune disorder in which inflammation in joints causes a wide variety of symptoms that can affect the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629a9162fe9-603f-4507-a6f7-d39e9d9c327f Lupus An autoimmune disease that occurs when the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues and organs. It can lead to widespread inflammation that can impact many systems in the body.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762909c481ff-67a7-4924-a791-bb9d884fe05d Scleroderma A group of autoimmune diseases that causes hardening and tightening of the skin. There are two types of sclerodermas: localized, which impacts only the skin, and systemic, which affects the skin, blood vessels, and internal organs.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629d9d4b493-dc25-4756-9d6f-72a4c963fe94 The Takeaway Vasculitis is a serious but treatable condition that involves inflammation of the blood vessels and can affect multiple organs. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical in managing vasculitis and preventing long-term damage. Medications and lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and seeing your healthcare provider as instructed, can limit the damage caused by the condition.
Resources We Trust Cleveland Clinic: VasculitisNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Living With VasculitisJohns Hopkins Vasculitis Center: Vasculitis Frequently Asked QuestionsVasculitis Foundation: General VasculitisUpToDate: Patient Education: Vasculitis (Beyond the Basics)

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What Is Normal Blood Sugar?

In some special cases, the recommended targets are even higher:

Children with diabetes may have higher glycemic targets, in recognition of how uniquely difficult it can be to manage the blood sugar of youngsters.
Older adults may have higher glycemic targets, due to hypoglycemia unawareness, other health conditions, and shorter life expectancy, among other factors.

It seems natural to wonder if it makes sense to set stricter blood sugar targets, for yourself or for a loved one, to lower the risk of complications as much as possible. Experts say, however, that it’s not usually possible to achieve perfectly normal blood sugar numbers if you have type 1 or 2 diabetes, and health authorities do not consider it realistic for the vast majority of patients.

“It isn’t fair, reasonable, or logical to expect people with diabetes to achieve perfect blood sugar targets every day,” José says. “There are too many variables beyond our control — particularly with type 1 diabetes — that we can only react to.”

In fact, bringing blood sugar levels too low can sometimes backfire. A landmark study of people with type 2 diabetes found that aggressively prescribing drugs such as insulin and sulfonylureas to lower blood sugar levels can actually increase the risk of harm.

And in type 1 diabetes, lower blood sugar levels always carry a risk of severe hypoglycemia, an omnipresent and potentially dangerous side effect of insulin use.

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Does Insulin Cause Weight Gain?

It’s dangerous to reduce or adjust insulin dosing without consulting a doctor first. Talk to your medical team about the interactions between your insulin dosage and your diet, exercise habits, and other medications. Weight gain is not inevitable. “Balancing insulin dosing and meal timing can help reduce that effect,” says Wadsworth. Here are other healthy lifestyle tips to help you keep the scale at the weight you want.

Eat Healthier

Whether you use insulin therapy or not, some eating approaches are better for weight maintenance than others. The American Diabetes Association recommends consuming a variety of nutrient-dense foods in appropriate portion sizes to improve health and achieve your body-weight goals.

A diabetes-friendly diet with plenty of fiber and protein, and fewer refined carbohydrates, can reduce the amount of insulin you need to keep your blood sugar in a healthy range.

“I always have my patients see a dietitian, so they are following healthy dietary patterns,” says Retnakaran. “A dietitian can work with you to optimize your eating in the context of your preferences and give you healthy suggestions.”

Sometimes, when we feel hungry, we may just be thirsty. Choose water, and you’ll take an essential step toward being hydrated and feeling fuller. It’s a healthy beverage that won’t spike your blood glucose levels like sugary sodas or sweetened fruit juice.

Exercise Regularly

Exercise is an effective way to help improve insulin sensitivity, allowing you to use smaller doses of insulin without risking blood sugar rises.

Exercise also plays a big role in maintaining your weight, and getting 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise a week is the recommended amount to improve blood sugar control.

Ask About Adjusting Your Medications

If you have type 2 diabetes, ask your healthcare provider about potentially switching to GLP-1 or SGLT2 drugs, which can cause weight loss — instead of weight gain — and lower your blood glucose levels.

“These drugs can help offset the weight gain caused by insulin, and in most cases of type 2 diabetes, can be used to help patients avoid insulin therapy altogether,” says Wadsworth.

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Each Hour of Daily Screen Time Raises the Risk of Nearsightedness

If you need another reason to spend less time on your computer and your smartphone, a new study suggests that all this screen time is bad for your eyesight.

Researchers examined data from 45 studies with more than 335,000 participants who were 9 years old on average. Participants either had eye exams or reported whether they were nearsighted. They also shared information about how many hours a day they spent using devices like smartphones, tablets, computers, or gaming consoles.

Overall, each extra hour of daily screen time was associated with a 21 percent higher risk of developing myopia, or nearsightedness, according to findings published in JAMA Network Open. And once people became nearsighted, screen time was tied to 54 percent higher odds that their myopia would get worse.

“There is an epidemic of myopia across the globe,” says Rahul Khurana, MD, a retina specialist at Northern California Retina Vitreous Associates, in Mountain View, and an associate clinical professor in ophthalmology at the University of California in San Francisco.

“Major contributors to this are increased near vision activities and reduced outdoor time,” says Dr. Khurana, who wasn’t involved in the new study. “Increasing smartphone use and near work with them is likely also contributing to this.”

Smartphones May Be Driving Higher Rates of Nearsightedness

Many of the studies included in the new analysis focused specifically on smartphones, although several also examined the impact on vision of other types of screen time, like playing video games, using a tablet, or working at a computer.

There doesn’t appear to be a meaningful connection between vision issues and less than an hour of daily screen time, according to the new study findings.

However, people who spent one hour a day on screens were 5 percent more likely to develop myopia than those with less daily screen time, the study found. And people with at least four hours of daily screen time were twice as likely to be nearsighted than individuals with less screen time.

The study wasn’t designed to prove whether or how screen time might directly cause vision problems. One limitation of the analysis is that it focused primarily on school age children and adolescents, a population that may not necessarily have the same digital habits as older teens or adults.

Television Time May Not Be as Risky

Another drawback of the study is that it doesn’t distinguish between different types of screens — such as smartphones that require focusing a short distance and televisions or gaming consoles that might be viewed from across a room, says Ian Morgan, PhD, a visiting fellow at Australian National University and a visiting professor at the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center at Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou, China.

“Previous studies have suggested that television use is not a risk factor for myopia,” says Dr. Morgan, who wasn’t involved in the new study. “This may be because viewing distances are generally longer — commonly around 2 meters [about 6 feet] or more.”

Higher Rates of Myopia Among Millennials

Two waves of technology — the arrival of the internet in the 1990s and the advent of smartphones in the 2000s — were both followed by surges in myopia as people dramatically increased how much time they spent looking close up at screens, Morgan says. Exacerbating vision problems, many people spent less time outdoors as they ramped up their use of computers and smartphones, Morgan adds.

“I suspect screen time that requires very close distance, like reading books or looking at smartphones puts you at highest risk,” Khurana says. “Previous studies have conclusively shown that near vision activities like reading books increase the risk of myopia, and I agree that smartphone use is in this category.”

There’s a pretty simple way to counter the risk of nearsightedness associated with screen time, however.

“Minimize near vision activities that are not necessary and maximize outdoor time,” Khurana says.

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Are Seed Oils Bad for You?

A new food bogeyman is making headlines in the nutrition world: oils, such as canola, corn, and soybean, that are extracted from the seeds of edible plants.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762989b581d8-10e1-41da-8bf8-9035b53ee748 Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the new U.S. secretary of Health and Human Services, is among those alleging that these so-called seed oils are sneakily unhealthy and even downright dangerous. “Seed oils are one of the most unhealthy ingredients that we have in foods,” said Kennedy during a TV appearance with Fox News. “They are associated with all kinds of very, very serious illnesses, including body-wide inflammation … and it’s almost impossible to avoid. If you eat processed food, you’re going to eat seed oil.”e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762924fafb85-2e4c-4950-a340-18ff91473060 Yet while seed oils are certainly ubiquitous in ultra-processed foods , the oils themselves have long been considered safe and even beneficial by organizations such as the American Heart Association.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629b4cf602f-54b9-4cc9-af98-5c03c0c063da “Seed oils are basically a very healthy part of a diet, and when you look at some of the alternatives — like butter or lard — these are much better,” says Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPH , a professor of epidemiology and nutrition at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston. So why are seed oils under attack? And do any potential benefits outweigh possible harms?
What Are Seed Oils? What Are Seed Oils? Nutrition influencers sometimes use the phrase “industrial seed oils” to underscore that most of the vegetable oils in question are manufactured using modern technology. These influencers often refer to the seed oils they have deemed most hazardous as the “Hateful Eight”:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629ac05bd72-a317-49d6-ae0c-2be239193479 Canola Soybean Corn Safflower Sunflower Cottonseed Grapeseed Rice bran Demand for these oils has skyrocketed due to their relatively low cost, neutral flavor, and high smoke points — canola oil, for instance, can withstand higher temperatures than olive oil can without burning.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629a71e0787-abc3-48b3-8659-3f362c5746b2e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629a2c918b9-c1dc-4c3d-9925-27b4923bd354 Soybean oil is the most widely used edible oil in the United States, although you might not know that because it’s usually sold under the generic moniker “vegetable oil.”e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629e0a7c596-ba3e-4967-8701-f5bb08ff2a32 Rice bran oil is a staple at Asian grocers and other specialty stores.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976293526ddd9-104b-4877-85d1-747873350f1e Because cotton is not a food, it may be hard to imagine its oil as edible. Manufacturers commonly use cottonseed oil, however, for making margarine, salad oils and dressings, potato chips, and other snacks. Fast food chains such as Burger King may rely on cottonseed oil.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299a7f9c1b-61d4-45f4-9a1b-59f6ee7f6217e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762901a149bf-cb7e-4f9a-ad53-40659c72c541
Chemicals May Remain in Seed Oils After Processing Hexane Concerns Seed oils are sometimes called RBD oils, which stands for refined, bleached, and deodorized, a reference to the industrial extraction processes required to make them edible.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629fff67f5b-2e21-4470-857b-fb643eae3e4ce60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c8bd74ce-cd87-4400-9a76-0bd6b63ab686 Although manufacturers treat seed oils to remove any harmful chemicals introduced during extraction, trace amounts may remain, says Christopher Gardner, PhD , the director of nutrition studies at the Stanford Prevention Research Center. Hexane is a major worry of those concerned about seed oil. Manufacturers use this petroleum by-product as the primary solvent for extracting oil from soybean, canola, sunflower seed, and cottonseed.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629b7d3d893-22bb-461c-b5c8-d006331d1584e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976290fee0d53-f919-473d-a42f-ec171289a4be The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has identified hexane as an air pollutant and a fire hazard, and notes that it can be harmful when inhaled.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629efb619ce-200b-4b99-b155-c0c88215e2dc As for hexane consumption, the European Union has set a maximum residual limit of 1 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) of hexane residue in vegetable oils. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), however, does not currently monitor or regulate hexane residue.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762982c7f957-822c-4040-a091-e2ac1c729ec0e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976294fa670ac-6cad-4aef-9f08-3a97a1250fed “Is the amount of hexane in seed oils hurting us?” asks Dr. Gardner. “From what I read from food scientists, I don’t think so.”
Debate Over Omega-6 Fatty Acid Omega-6 Fatty Acids Another major focus in the controversy over seed oils has been omega-6 linoleic acid.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976291bbb3606-0805-4520-ba8b-292a4c5398f8 Seed oils are rich in this fatty acid. Omega-6, like omega-3, is a polyunsaturated fat , which the American Heart Association says can help protect against type 2 diabetes and heart disease by lowering LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629ef0810c0-cb86-4beb-8d50-42be6df38d08 But some scientists suggest that high amounts of omega-6 lead to the excessive formation of another fatty acid (arachidonic acid), which might promote inflammation and blood-vessel constriction.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976290061154e-f8ae-49c4-b58c-17f029e596a1 Studies have linked high levels of arachidonic acid to obesity , diabetes, autism, Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, and depression .e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762957c9b213-7f7e-43ff-9cad-a381b7924477e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629eef4a5ef-5d99-458f-8aea-5237d24c77f2e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299f171623-9acc-4690-b85c-bb1c5faa3ac8e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629873d8063-59f2-481a-bd60-feddc009ff4be60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976297c6b9599-8870-4d60-9b49-ece1ef3c624e Despite concerns about arachidonic acid in high amounts, plenty of other studies highlight its benefits in modest amounts. Harvard Medical School, for example, says that the body converts arachidonic acid into molecules that may actually calm inflammation and fight blood clots.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976298d4399b9-8e34-4edb-85b0-696592106728 A number of studies have found no connection between increased omega-6 intake and a higher risk of illness. In research involving 110,000 men and women who were followed for almost 30 years, Dr. Willett and his colleagues examined the relation of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake to the risk of colorectal cancer. They did not find any increase in cancer risk. On the other hand, they noted a much lower risk of overall mortality in participants with a higher intake of omega-6 fatty acids than in those with lower consumption of omega-6 fatty acids.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762945b61557-6d43-4a1f-84ba-0be2e4871775
Keeping a Balance With Omega-3s Omega 3 Ratio The consumption of omega-6 fatty acids along with omega-3 fatty acids plays a crucial role in brain function, normal growth, and development. Plus, omega-6s stimulate skin and hair growth, maintain bone health, regulate metabolism, and maintain the reproductive system.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976290ccf37d5-8294-4c4b-abcb-9a9ad1233f1e But balance is key, and for the typical American, that balance is out of whack. The average American diet tends to contain 14 to 25 times more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids, when a balance closer to 4 to 1 (omega-6 to omega-3) is likely healthier.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629b58e7048-a098-4cdd-8b62-f8713269b73a In one study on heart disease prevention, results showed that a more balanced ratio of 4:1 was associated with a 70 percent decrease in total mortality — though this lower risk has not been causally proven.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976292e3fd34b-6aab-43c1-840e-57aeb5435913 Still, both Gardner and Willett see concern about the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 as unfounded. “At some point, you can probably go too high with omega-6 consumption, but we haven’t seen that in this country,” says Willett. “Omega-3s are modestly different from the omega-6s in a beneficial way, but not a lot,” adds Gardner. “Omega-6s are required for your health, but somehow the message became twisted to be ‘Omega-3 are more anti-inflammatory, so that means omega-6s are pro-inflammatory’ — which is false,” he says. Analysis of scientific data from dozens of studies by the American Heart Association concluded that consumption of omega-6 fats is overall beneficial for the heart and circulation, and should be a part of a healthy diet.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629d984bf11-ee16-45e7-b02e-3cce455c59d9 “The idea that omega-6 fatty acids are pro-inflammatory is propagated over and over again in social media,” says Willett. “Dozens of studies have looked at this, and about half of them show no effect, while the other half show reduction in inflammatory factors.”
Ultra-Processed Foods May Be More Harmful Than Seed Oils Ultra-Processed Foods May Be Real Culprit Gardner points out that studies indicating a harmful effect of omega-6 show an association and not causation, and that the bigger problems may not be from the seed oils but in the foods they are used in. “One of the statistics that I hear from social influencers is that the consumption of seed oils has increased, and that seems to be in parallel with all kinds of chronic, debilitating disease related to inflammation,” he says. “But I think what it really parallels is the world of ultra-processed foods , which are loaded with sodium, added sugar, and saturated fat.” So although seed oil consumption is up, the real culprit behind higher incidents of chronic disease and obesity may be the ultra-processed foods that incorporate seed oil.
How to Minimize the Possible Risks of Seed Oils How to Lower Your Risk While debate regarding seed oils is sure to continue, there are measures you can take to make sure you’re eating healthy fats that boost overall health. Choose oils that are less processed. Olive oil, particularly extra-virgin olive oil, is generally considered less processed than most seed oils and can be a good alternative.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629a414605e-ab59-4071-b032-137e6291841e Cut back on highly processed and fast foods. Most of us should be eating fewer highly processed and fried foods, and seed oils are ubiquitous in these products. So if cutting back on seed oils means less junk food in your diet, that’s a positive. Limit animal-based fats. Saturated fats are found in butter, cheese, red meat, and other animal-based foods. The American Heart Association recommends limiting saturated fats to less than 6 percent of total calories per day.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762902a7c36a-1437-4330-9b51-1e56a1aef85b
The Takeaway Mainstream health authorities and most research generally supports the statement that seed oils consumed in modest amounts are not harmful to health. Seed oils are often used in fried and ultra-processed foods, which are known to pose health risks. Processing removes most remnants of solvents like hexane from seed oils — but the cumulative effects of low exposure over time remain unknown.
Resources We Trust Mayo Clinic: The Pros and Cons of Seed Oils, and How to Incorporate Them in Your Diet Cleveland Clinic: Seed Oils: Are They Actually Toxic?Colorado State University: Should I Be Concerned About Seed Oils?The Food Institute: Seed Oils Are Under Fire: The Health Debate Is Heating UpMassachusetts General Hospital: Seed Oils: Facts & Myths

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Resources to Treat Graves’ Disease

To learn more about Graves’ disease, including how to navigate the diagnosis, you may want to contact an organization that assists or represents people with the disease. Some of the major organizations include:

Graves’ Disease & Thyroid Foundation (GDATF)

This organization connects individuals with Graves’ disease to information and community support. Visit the GDATF website to find a support group in your area, register for their upcoming webinars and patient events, or connect with videos and other resources that provide the latest info about Graves’ treatments.

Kimberly Dorris, executive director and CEO of the GDATF, encourages you to send in your questions via phone and email. The organization is a patient-centered group, “So we don’t try to give medical advice, but it’s a great place to start. We also have a closed Facebook group for patients, as do many other organizations,” Dorris says.

American Thyroid Association (ATA)

The ATA is a professional organization whose members are physicians and scientists, as well as experts in thyroid diseases. The organization helps connect patients to specialists and publishes research on thyroid diseases. Consider subscribing electronically to their monthly patient newsletter, called Friends of the ATA, for updates on the latest research and information about patient events around the country. You can also read issues of Clinical Thyroidology for the Public on their site.

American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE)

AACE is a professional community for doctors who specialize in endocrinology, but it also has many patient resources and can connect you to AACE member specialists in your area.

Thyroideyes.com

Thyroideyes.com is a website supported by a pharmaceutical company that offers many resources. It has a symptom simulator tool, a symptom survey, plus videos of patient stories. The site also has a specialist locator by ZIP code and a Facebook support group.

TED Community Organization

The TED Community Organization is a nonprofit advocacy group that offers online peer support, educational webinars, and patient podcasts. In November 2025, the organization will be hosting its global Virtual TED Patient & Partner Conference.

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Postpartum Depression (PPD) Symptoms

Although having a baby can be an exciting and life-changing milestone, for some new parents, the experience can bring on intense sadness, anxiety, loneliness, and other emotions. These may be symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD), a type of depression that kicks in during the first year after childbirth. If you think you may have PPD, you’re not alone. PPD affects about 13 percent of Americans, making it one of the most common health issues affecting pregnant women.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629fcda7a5f-0d44-4d3b-9dbc-cf32e1b13414 Here’s an overview of symptoms and potential complications to watch for, and when and how to get help.
Symptoms of Postpartum Depression Symptoms While most people who’ve given birth encounter what’s known as the “baby blues” — tearfulness, mood swings, and sleep issues caused by a dramatic fluctuation in hormones after delivery — PPD is different, says Nona Nichols, MD , a consultation-liaison psychiatrist at the Center for Adult Behavioral Health at Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. “It can start like the baby blues but will linger after one to two weeks,” Dr. Nichols says. “It involves feelings of depression and anxiety that interfere with a woman’s ability to care for herself and her baby. The symptoms of PPD are similar to those of major depression, says Nancy Byatt, DO , a perinatal psychiatrist and a physician-scientist at the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School in Worcester, where she focuses on women’s mental health, specifically in pregnancy and postpartum. “You have low energy, trouble finding motivation to do things, trouble sleeping or eating. People can also feel hopeless and helpless,” she says. Common symptoms of PPD include:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629eb84f606-ab0b-4dcb-8610-e2f6d4a46612e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976296a79b19c-6ad7-4391-9896-7007242baa07 Feeling sad or depressed Feeling fatigued or lethargic A loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities you used to enjoy Difficulty thinking, focusing, or making decisions Changes in appetite or not eating at all Loss of motivation Difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much Feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, or guilt Crying seemingly without much cause A lack of interest in the baby, not feeling bonded with the baby, or feeling overly anxious around or about the baby Worries about being a bad mother or harming the baby or yourself Thoughts of death or suicide
Potential Complications of Postpartum Depression Complications “There are so many good treatment options [for PPD] , and getting the support you need as soon as possible will make a world of difference, both for you and your baby,” Nichols says. If left untreated, PPD can lead to serious complications for parents, babies, and their families, including the following. Worsening PPD Symptoms Some new parents may have trouble tending to their own basic needs, such as eating nutritious food and getting enough exercise and sleep. This can turn into a vicious cycle — a lack of self-care in these areas can exacerbate symptoms of PPD, such as low self-worth, feelings of inadequacy, and intense worrying, says Dr. Byatt. Substance Abuse Research suggests some new parents are more likely to turn to substances, specifically alcohol and cannabis, to cope with their symptoms. Substance abuse can have negative effects on both the person and their families, potentially leading to personal health issues, a disconnect between parent and child, and developmental problems for the child.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762960689498-b81e-4502-ba0b-0395da039d61 Issues Bonding With the Baby Bonding between mother and baby shouldn’t be taken lightly, as it forms the foundation for the child’s sense of security and attachment. Research suggests mothers going through PPD may experience impaired bonding, which can have several repercussions as the baby gets older, including higher levels of stress during their toddler years and an increased risk of behavioral problems in early childhood.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762941918fb0-648a-415c-9bdb-e1ef4639b815 Developmental Delays for the Baby PPD can affect your baby’s social and emotional development, too. Researchers have found that babies whose mothers had PPD were more likely to have developmental delays in areas like motor or language skills compared with their counterparts whose mothers did not have PPD.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629f5a51b29-db16-47c5-9d8a-ef0740bf346b
When to See a Doctor Doctor’s Visits Pay attention to how you or a loved one who recently had a baby is feeling or behaving, Nichols says. Issues like lingering sadness, depressed mood, frequent crying, worries about breastfeeding, and feeling like an inadequate parent should all be a cause for concern, Nichols and Byatt say. Here are some signs that it’s time to seek professional help by talking to your family doctor, ob-gyn, or your child’s pediatrician.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762998eb2a0e-ac7e-4e51-8379-b06fb417e5e0 You have a depressed mood for most of the day, every day, for at least two weeks. You have a loss of interest or pleasure in most activities for most of the day, every day, for at least two weeks. Your symptoms are debilitating and interrupt your ability to function normally. You feel anxiety, panic, guilt, hopelessness, or worthlessness. You have trouble thinking, focusing, or coping with everyday situations. You’re having thoughts of harming yourself or your baby. You have repeated thoughts of death or suicide.
If you or a loved one is experiencing significant distress or having thoughts about suicide and need support, call or text 988 to reach the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24/7. If you need immediate help, call 911.For more help and information, see these Mental Health Resources and Helplines.
The Takeaway PPD is a common emotional challenge for new moms, often involving symptoms like intense sadness, anxiety, and changes in appetite or sleep. Early identification of PPD is crucial; pay attention to persistent symptoms such as sad or depressed mood and lack of interest in activities, especially symptoms that last for at least two weeks. Seek professional help for PPD right away to improve your chances of effective treatment and reduce the risk of complications.
Resources We Trust Mayo Clinic: Postpartum Depression: Symptoms and CausesCleveland Clinic: Postpartum DepressionAmerican College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Postpartum DepressionU.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health: Postpartum DepressionJohns Hopkins Medicine: Baby Blues and Postpartum Depression: Mood Disorders and Pregnancy

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12 Skin Conditions Linked to Ulcerative Colitis

The following are 12 skin conditions that may affect people with ulcerative colitis.

1. Erythema Nodosum

The most common skin condition associated with ulcerative colitis, erythema nodosum is a rash consisting of painful, raised bumps that usually appear on the legs.

“Erythema nodosum is a form of panniculitis, or inflammation of the subcutaneous fat in your skin,” says Susan Massick, MD, a dermatologist at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio. “It can be associated with IBD flares or signal an impending flare.”

You may also run a fever, have joint pain, and generally feel ill.

Treatment usually focuses on treating the underlying IBD. Erythema nodosum can resolve on its own with time, Dr. Massick says. But interventions such as pain-relieving medications, steroids (either taken by mouth or injection), or potassium iodide solution may help alleviate discomfort and clear up the bumps. Massick also recommends elevating your legs and limiting physical activity to help lessen swelling and tenderness.

Symptoms of erythema nodosum usually go away within three to six weeks, but the residual bruises may last for months, and the rash may come back.

2. Pyoderma Gangrenosum

This severe and debilitating condition starts with one or more small pink or purple bumps or pustules that quickly progress to large ulcers, says Madeline DeWane, MD, a dermatologist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.

These usually appear on the legs but can occur in other places.

In addition to sores, the disorder can cause fever, joint pain, and general malaise.

Unlike many other ulcerative colitis–related skin conditions, pyoderma gangrenosum can appear even when someone’s IBD is well-controlled, Dr. DeWane notes.

Treatments may include medicines that target the skin, such as anti-inflammatory creams, steroid ointments, and steroids injected into the ulcers, as well as therapies with stronger effects, such as steroid pills and immune-suppressing medication.

3. Aphthous Stomatitis

Better known as canker sores, these are small mouth ulcers that usually form along the gum lines, on the inner lip, or along the sides or base of the tongue.

They’re usually white in the center with a red rim, Massick says. These usually coincide with disease flare-ups but can also stem from IBD-related nutrient deficiencies, she says.

“Treat the flare, and these canker sores will improve,” she says. “For short-term pain relief, medicated mouthwashes can help soothe. Also, avoid any harsh triggers, like acidic or spicy foods.”

4. Pyoderma Vegetans

This is a rare skin manifestation of ulcerative colitis, Massick says.

“These are rough, warty raised plaques in skin folds, such as in the groin and armpits, often associated with darkening of the skin,” Massick says.

Pyostomatitis vegetans is the same condition, but it occurs in the mouth, DeWane says.

This skin disorder usually runs in a parallel track to the ulcerative colitis flare, DeWane says.

Treatment typically involves treating the ulcerative colitis itself. In some cases, a doctor may recommend a topical steroid.

5. Sweet Syndrome

This is another rare skin complication that can be associated with ulcerative colitis.

The problem occurs more frequently in women than men and mostly between ages 30 and 50.

“Sweet syndrome typically appears as painful, pink or purple bumps on the head, neck, torso, and arms,” DeWane says. “It may be accompanied by fever, joint pain, or eye inflammation.”

This condition may look like erythema nodosum.

Your doctor should be able to tell the difference by performing an exam and running some tests on your skin.

Sweet syndrome usually responds quickly to oral steroids but can also be treated with other anti-inflammatory medications, DeWane says. Once your ulcerative colitis is under control, sweet syndrome is less likely to return.

6. Finger Clubbing

In this condition, the skin underneath your fingernails thickens, and the fingertips become rounded, fat, and purplish, Massick says.

The fingernails may also slope downward.

Patients with ulcerative colitis who smoke or have chronic pulmonary disease are at the highest risk for finger clubbing.

The clubbing itself is not harmful, and there is no treatment for it.

But it’s still important for your medical team to be aware of any skin and nail changes and to address the underlying ulcerative colitis.

7. Hidradenitis Suppurativa

This is a chronic skin condition causing painful nodules and boils, usually in the skin folds of the armpits and groin area, DeWane says.

“Hidradenitis suppurativa can be debilitating and lead to severe scarring, so early diagnosis and treatment is very important,” she says.

There are multiple treatment options depending on the disease’s severity and what body parts are affected, including topical anti-inflammatory medications, steroid injections, antibiotics, immunosuppressant medications, and surgery, she says.

8. Psoriasis

Because IBD and psoriasis share similar autoimmune pathways, some people develop both conditions, Massick says.

On lighter skin tones, psoriasis manifests as pink patches and silvery scales, usually on the knees, elbows, scalp, and trunk, she says. On darker skin, psoriasis lesions may appear purple or grayish.

9. Vitiligo

Another chronic autoimmune condition, vitiligo involves a loss of pigment in the skin, Massick says.

“It looks like depigmented patches that remain white in color or won’t tan,” she says.

Although not caused directly by ulcerative colitis, vitiligo can occur alongside it since both conditions involve immune dysfunction, says Hannah Kopelman, DO, a dermatologist at Kopelman Aesthetic Surgery with offices in New York City.

Some research has also linked it to certain biologic IBD medications.

Usually, vitiligo is only a cosmetic issue and doesn’t require treatment.

But ultraviolet light therapy or immunosuppressant medications may help change the pigment or slow disease progression.

10. Acne

Pimples and other lesions can form when hair follicles become clogged with oil or dead skin cells. Some people with ulcerative colitis struggle with acne due to inflammation, or as a side effect of steroids, Kopelman says.

She usually recommends gentle skin care, noncomedogenic products (which don’t clog pores), and sometimes topical or oral medications to keep breakouts under control.

11. Bowel-Associated Dermatosis-Arthritis Syndrome (BADAS)

A rare condition related to intestinal bacterial overgrowth, bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS) can cause flu-like symptoms followed by red or purple skin lesions and joint pain, Massick says.

“The bacterial overgrowth can be because of the underlying IBD inflammation or because of intestinal surgeries adversely affecting gut function,” she says.

Managing IBD can help alleviate BADAS, but oral antibiotics or other treatments, such as immunosuppressive drugs, are usually also necessary.

12. Hives

Some people with ulcerative colitis develop allergic reactions to IBD medications, which can cause itchy, raised red bumps or hives, says Qin Rao, MD, a physician at Manhattan Gastroenterology in New York City.

If you get hives after starting a new IBD treatment, talk to your doctor about switching medications. They may also recommend antihistamines and topical steroids, Dr. Rao says.

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