Justin Laube, MD, is a board-certified integrative and internal medicine physician, a teacher, and a consultant with extensive expertise in integrative health, medical education, and trauma healing.
He graduated with a bachelor’s in biology from the University of Wisconsin and a medical degree from the University of Minnesota Medical School. During medical school, he completed a graduate certificate in integrative therapies and healing practices through the Earl E. Bakken Center for Spirituality & Healing. He completed his three-year residency training in internal medicine at the University of California in Los Angeles on the primary care track and a two-year fellowship in integrative East-West primary care at the UCLA Health Center for East-West Medicine.
He is currently taking a multiyear personal and professional sabbatical to explore the relationship between childhood trauma, disease, and the processes of healing. He is developing a clinical practice for patients with complex trauma, as well as for others going through significant life transitions. He is working on a book distilling the insights from his sabbatical, teaching, and leading retreats on trauma, integrative health, mindfulness, and well-being for health professionals, students, and the community.
Previously, Dr. Laube was an assistant clinical professor at the UCLA Health Center for East-West Medicine and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, where he provided primary care and integrative East-West medical consultations. As part of the faculty, he completed a medical education fellowship and received a certificate in innovation in curriculum design and evaluation. He was the fellowship director at the Center for East-West Medicine and led courses for physician fellows, residents, and medical students.
Sufficient protein each day is a worthy nutrition goal. Protein performs all sorts of important functions, from promoting muscle growth to maintaining satiety between meals.
Fortunately, plenty of affordable foods can supply all the protein you need.
Check out these 21 protein sources that won’t break the bank.
(Costs are based on prices available from national retailers at the time of publication.)
21 Affordable Protein Choices
To round up the best cheap and healthy sources of protein, the former manager of nutrition at Everyday Health, Kelly Kennedy, RDN, used the recommended daily value of protein and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Thrifty Food Plan budget, which estimates the costs of a healthy diet for different age and sex groups.
By Kennedy’s calculations, source of protein counted as “cheap” if one serving was 10 cents or less per gram (g) of protein (which aligns with the budget for the USDA reference plan for men 20 to 50 years old).
1. Black Beans
Protein per ½ cup serving: 7 g
Cost per serving: $0.34
Besides offering 7 g of protein per half cup, black beans are a versatile choice for meal planning. Kennedy recommends enjoying them on top of a salad — or using them as a meat replacement to whip up plant-based burgers or tacos.
2. Lentils
Protein per ½ cup serving: 9 g
Cost per serving: $0.15
“Lentils are a plant-based protein powerhouse, rich in fiber and iron,” says Kristin Draayer, RDN, of Nutrition by Kristin in Kalamazoo, Michigan. “They can be easily added to soups, stews, salads, or even used as a base for veggie burgers.”
3. Kidney Beans
Protein per ½ cup serving: 7.5 g
Cost per serving: $0.40
While you’re stocking up on beans and legumes, don’t miss kidney beans. In addition to their protein content, they pack an impressive 13.1 g of fiber — 52 percent of the recommended daily amount for women and 34 percent for men. Pop some into tacos or chilis.
4. Canned Tuna
Protein per 3 ounce (oz) serving: 20.1 g
Cost per serving: $0.60
According to Kelly, canned tuna is an excellent source of protein. “It’s also affordable and shelf-stable, which makes it an easy lunch or dinner option in a hurry,” she says. Try it in a sandwich, spread on crackers, or in a Mediterranean-style pasta.
5. Peanut Butter
Protein per 2 tablespoon (tbsp) serving: 7.6 g
Cost per serving: $0.16
Peanut butter is a great protein booster for both meals and snacks. Eat it on toast, blend it into smoothies, or use it as a dip for fruits and veggies, Draayer suggests. “It provides protein along with healthy fats and vitamin E.”
6. Eggs
Protein per 1 large chicken egg: 6.2 g
Cost per serving: $0.35
“Eggs are a complete protein source, containing all essential amino acids, along with important nutrients like choline and vitamin D,” says Draayer. Crack up easy egg-based dishes like a frittata or egg salad sandwich.
7. Tofu
Protein per ½ cup serving: 10 g
Cost per serving: $0.75
Tofu is a blank slate as an affordable ingredient for vegetarians and omnivores — it’s cheap, plant-based, and high in protein. “It readily absorbs flavors, making it perfect for stir-fries, scrambles, or marinating and grilling,” says Draayer.
8. Chickpeas
Protein per ½ cup serving: 7 g
Cost per serving: $0.34
So many cheap, high-protein recipes start with legumes like chickpeas, says Kennedy. Think: hummus, mashed chickpea salad, crispy roasted chickpeas, and more.
9. Tempeh
Protein per ½ cup serving: 17 g
Cost per serving: $1.33
In your budget protein meal planning, keep a spot open for tempeh, the fermented soy food that makes a great meat substitute. “Tempeh is an excellent source of protein and can easily be stirred into a stir-fry or in place of meat in tacos or meatballs,” says Kennedy.
10. Quinoa
Protein per ¾ cup serving: 6 g
Cost per serving: $0.34
A select group of foods pull double duty as grains and protein. “A whole grain (that’s technically a seed), quinoa is a good source of protein and is also packed with fiber,” Kennedy notes. You can use fluffy cooked quinoa as a base for casseroles, grain bowls, or stir-fries.
11. Edamame
Protein per 1 cup serving: 18.4 g
Cost per serving: $0.63
For a nutrient-dense, cheap protein, check out in-shell soybeans (aka edamame). “They contain calcium and magnesium, both essential nutrients for bone health,” says Kennedy. Simply steam and enjoy!
12. Greek Yogurt
Protein per 7 oz serving: 19.9 g
Cost per serving: $0.87
Check the dairy case for high-protein foods on a budget. “Greek yogurt is a high-protein option that’s rich in probiotics for gut health and calcium to support strong bones,” says Draayer.
“Enjoy it with fruit and granola, or use it as a base for dips and sauces.”
13. Chicken Breast
Protein per 3 oz serving: 27.3 g
Cost per serving: $1.03
Cheap animal protein can be hard to come by. Chicken can fit the bill (especially if you find it on sale). Each 3 oz serving provides over half the daily value for protein. (Daily value is the daily amount recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA] for a particular nutrient.) And since this white meat is one of the most versatile options around, you’ll have no trouble using it in pastas, casseroles, sandwiches, tacos, and more.
14. Cottage Cheese
Protein per 4 oz serving: 11.8 g
Cost per serving: $0.55
Compared with many animal protein sources, cottage cheese is a thrifty choice. “It’s perfect as a topping for toast, mixed with fruit, or added to savory dishes like lasagna,” Draayer says.
15. Turkey Breast
Protein per 3 oz serving: 25.6 g
Cost per serving: $0.75
Stock up on turkey breast at post-holiday sales. It’s a winner of a dinner with around 26 g of protein per serving. Keep some of the shredded meat in the freezer for easy meal prep.
16. Whey Protein Powder
Protein per 1 scoop serving: 16.7 g
Cost per serving: $1.18
“Protein powder is an easy way to add more protein to your day,” Kennedy says. Whey protein powder is made from whey protein, the watery milk substance that separates from curds in the production of cheese.
“Protein powder can be enjoyed alone or mixed into a smoothie for a protein-boost,” Kennedy says. Depending on the product you choose, you could get a significant protein boost in a low-cost package.
17. Plant-Based Protein Powder
Protein per 1 scoop serving: 25 g
Cost per serving: $0.69
Much like whey protein powder, plant-based powder can be an inexpensive way to slip more protein into beverages, baked goods, and more. “Some people even enjoy it in their coffee as a way to add more protein at breakfast,” Kennedy says. In terms of plant-based protein powders, both pea protein and soy protein are good options. “Look for a protein powder with a list of easy-to-pronounce ingredients,” she recommends.
18. Brown Rice
Protein per 1 cup serving (cooked rice): 5.5 g
Cost per serving: $0.17
Brown rice is more than just a neutral palette for curries or grain bowls — it’s also a source of protein in its own right. One cup contains 5.5 g. “Brown rice is easy to prepare and can be served alongside any healthy dish,” Kennedy says. “It can be a base for a stir-fry or even enjoyed as the main ingredient in a healthy rice salad.”
19. Oats
Protein per ½ cup (dry) serving: 5 g
Cost per serving: $0.13
“Oats are an easy-to-prepare grain that are packed with fiber,” Kennedy says. And since they’re inexpensive and relatively high in protein, you can feel good about including them at breakfast time or in a dessert.
20. Sliced Cheese
Protein per serving: $0.28
Cost per 1 slice serving: 6 g
Sliced cheese is a refrigerator staple that’s usually quite cheap, says Kennedy. She recommends choosing real cheese (like Swiss or cheddar) over processed cheese products like American cheese. Pop some on a sandwich or a bean burger for a protein boost of around 6 g per slice.
21. Whole-Wheat Pasta
Protein per 1 cup serving: 8.8 g
Cost per serving: $0.25
“Whole-wheat pasta contains a surprising amount of protein per serving,” says Kennedy. Check ingredient lists to make sure you’re getting 100 percent whole-grain pasta.
The Takeaway
Cheap sources of protein aren’t necessarily lower in quality than more expensive ones. In fact, many budget-friendly protein foods are just as healthy and high-quality as pricier options.
Top budget-friendly protein options include beans, dairy, and some whole grains.
Protein powders can be low-cost protein, too, depending on which brands you buy.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that impacts social interaction, communication, behavior, and learning. Treatment strategies aim to build specific skills, overcome challenges, and promote independence. Read on to learn more about treatments for autism, including behavioral interventions, educational interventions, and complimentary approaches.
Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Understanding ASD Autism often involves repetitive behaviors, restricted interests, and heightened sensory sensitivity. As the name implies, ASD symptoms exist on a spectrum and can range from mild to severe.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629140b6a51-ecc3-4483-a484-15c3369ff354 The effects of ASD vary widely from person to person, potentially leading to a great range of challenges as well as strengths. Some individuals may have significant difficulties in communicating, while others may navigate conversations with ease but struggle in social settings. Autism overlaps with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) , another common neurodevelopmental condition. Researchers are investigating the complex connection between these disorders and how it affects treatment and care.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762931b8e484-2839-44a1-a8a1-9b20c1ff5448
Behavioral Interventions for Autism Treatment Behavioral Interventions Behavioral therapies have long been the cornerstone of autism care.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976295f476a63-5629-4258-a9c4-1174ea6ec20f The right treatment plan varies from person to person. It’s not about finding a one-size-fits-all solution, but tailoring interventions to individual needs. ABA (Applied Behavioral Analysis) Applied behavioral analysis (ABA) is one of the most widely recognized approaches to autism treatment. This method uses positive reinforcement to teach desired behaviors and discourage harmful or disruptive ones. There are several ways therapists may do this. Examples include modeling behaviors and positive reinforcement systems, all with the aim of showing and teaching people with autism correct behaviors . e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976296939d549-46f1-40a6-ad7b-af3421e30e91 Both the U.S. Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association recognize ABA as an evidence-based approach to treating autism symptoms. Many studies show its effectiveness in improving communication skills and daily living outcomes for many people with autism.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976290c5880e7-b3a8-4d54-be7c-e28d1d1edf58 However, ABA is not without controversy. Critics, including many in the autistic community, argue that the approach can feel rigid or overly focused on encouraging individuals to conform to neurotypical norms. These critiques highlight the importance of adopting compassionate, person-centered strategies when implementing any therapy.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629e2d058c2-5578-4ad8-8b59-8894ff3b3e60 Positive aspects of ABA include:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976290c5880e7-b3a8-4d54-be7c-e28d1d1edf58 Strong research-based evidence showing improvement in communication, social, and life skills Customizable programs tailored to the individual’s goals and needs Flexible treatment plans that can be provided in many locations, such as the home, school, and community Focus on positive reinforcement, which helps shape desired behaviors Long history of use, with many trained professionals and resources available Some negative aspects of ABA are:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976290c5880e7-b3a8-4d54-be7c-e28d1d1edf58e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299c8accc7-7721-4b37-b9dc-0cddf2bfc190 Perceived rigidity in some programs, which may not adapt well to the individual’s preferences Concerns from the autistic community about an overemphasis on neurotypical behaviors Time-intensive, often requiring several hours per week, which can be challenging for families PRT (Pivotal Response Treatment) and DTT (Discrete Trial Training) Pivotal response treatment (PRT) and discrete trial training (DTT) are types of ABA that provide more targeted methods for teaching specific skills. These approaches often prioritize flexibility and adaptability to better align with each child’s unique needs. PRT targets motivation, self-management, and responsivity, among other things. The focus on these areas leads to gains in other nontargeted areas as well, leading to improved language, behavior, and social outcomes, according to research.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299f92c235-7792-4b7c-8674-46c2beb5aec1 DTT can also help to develop social and behavioral skills in people with autism. A therapist will provide a prompt and ask for a desired behavior, which will be rewarded with positive reinforcement. This process repeats until the desired behavior occurs autonomously, without prompt.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976290a5e5caa-9b6c-4c38-9778-a396419e13da
Educational Interventions Educational Interventions In the United States, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) ensures that all children with disabilities, including those with autism, receive a free and appropriate public education (FAPE). This federal legislation guides local special education programs in meeting the unique learning styles and challenges of children with autism.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629aca90d1e-058e-45e7-853c-23c19986e0aa IDEA mandates that every student with autism receive an Individualized Education Program (IEP). An IEP outlines specific goals and accommodations to support their academic and social-emotional development in the classroom. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629930b7c34-8317-489a-919a-7ef6e9ab8f20 Many autism professionals use TEACCH, an evidence-based education framework, which incorporates the following concepts to help students learn:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976294b382016-038d-483b-85b2-07b3309f707c Physical organization Individualized visual schedules Work (activity) systems Visual structure of materials in tasks and activities
Parent-Mediated Therapies Parent-Mediated Therapies Parents are often at the heart of autism treatment, making parent-mediated therapies a powerful tool. Training programs teach parents how to provide specific therapies to their own child. This helps parents manage behaviors, encourage communication, and create supportive home environments. ABA therapies discussed above can also fall into this category if the parent is doing the therapy with their child.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629361e0328-e86a-4490-8327-eb38a92c25d4 Family therapy can also provide emotional support and practical strategies for navigating challenges together. For some families, home-based therapies offer the flexibility to integrate skill-building into daily routines.
Relationship-Based Approaches Relationship-Based Approaches Relationship-based approaches focus on emotional connection and individual growth, working by following the interests of the autistic person. For example, if a child is enjoying legos, it involves getting down on the floor and engaging with the child and their legos. The Developmental, Individual Differences, Relationship-Based model — also called DIR or Floortime — emphasizes play and building relationships as the foundation for learning.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629229f4bb1-1870-4613-8661-a7307b1f32ca Unlike behavioral methods, which often target specific actions, developmental approaches aim to foster creativity, communication, and emotional regulation. These methods encourage parents and therapists to meet children literally where they are, by getting down to their level, and therefore creating space for meaningful engagement.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762937c11ff9-8ef0-4c15-b734-e77342bea8cf
Developmental Therapies for Autism Developmental Therapies Developmental therapies aim to improve developmental skills, such as speech, language, and physical skills in order to support independent living for people with ASD. These therapies are essential components of many autism treatment plans and may include the following: Speech and Language Therapy Speech therapy strengthens communication skills to improve an autistic person’s daily functioning, whether through verbal language or alternative systems like picture-based communication tools.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762945c07751-0c20-462d-bd5a-8e339921bebd Occupational Therapy This focuses on practical life skills, such as dressing, eating, using the bathroom, and a variety of fine motor skills. The therapist provides activities and strategies to improve these skills across settings, including home, school, and the community. Improvements in this set of skills can significantly aid in independence.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629fb7d5039-855a-48d9-a5a4-1f2fc2bd9f7b Sensory Integration Therapy This addresses sensory processing challenges, helping individuals feel more comfortable and less overwhelmed in their environment. An occupational therapist typically uses this type of therapy while working on life skills.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976290fb67fff-034f-41cf-a19e-e62a17a9221e These therapies can work together to support an autistic child’s overall development, communication, and independence.
Medication and Dietary Interventions Medication and Diet While no medication or diet can cure autism, some may help manage symptoms. Always talk to a healthcare provider before exploring any medications, dietary changes, or vitamins and supplements. Medication A doctor may prescribe medication to manage autism symptoms and related conditions, such as anxiety , depression , or hyperactivity. Commonly prescribed medications include:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629a9a63d99-f15e-425f-83e9-7e7581278074 Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Tricyclics Antipsychotic medications Stimulants Anti-anxiety medications Diet Sensory challenges often mean people with autism eat less than recommended amounts of nutrient-dense foods like fruits and vegetables. Their food preferences contribute to nutrient deficiencies, including too little calcium , protein , vitamin D , vitamin B12 , vitamin C , and zinc . Nutrient deficiencies can worsen behavioral challenges.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762951a65069-5495-4d6f-b26b-782b50c5d442 People with autism who have milk protein and gluten sensitivities should follow casein-free and gluten-free diets, but doctors don’t recommend these diets for everyone with autism. As in most cases, generally speaking diets that include more healthy foods, such as fruits and vegetables, and less problematic foods, such as heavily processed foods, are also better for people with autism.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629067e1896-e880-4045-8bae-831863d7f245 Talk to a healthcare provider to learn about the best dietary options. Vitamins and Supplements Emerging research shows potential for specific vitamins and nutritional supplements to address autism symptoms. One small study showed that omega-3 treatment improved autism characteristics, but scientists need to conduct more research to confirm these findings.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629fd1b51e6-ea09-4b14-8138-d8768f404bb3 It’s important to approach dietary supplements with caution and talk with a doctor before making any significant changes.
Emerging and Complementary Therapies Emerging and Complementary Therapies Complementary therapies for autism focus on enhancing emotional well-being and providing enjoyable ways to engage. Music therapy has many benefits for people with ASD. Research shows it can help to improve both verbal and nonverbal communication, enhance social skills (turn-taking, sharing), and improve cognitive skills related to attention, memory, and problem solving. Music therapy may also increase self-esteem, self-expression, and creativity, alongside aiding in emotional regulation.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762958e26d51-671d-4daa-a143-9496d34f152c Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) enhances social interactions, reduces stress, and fosters positive emotions in autistic people. For example, studies show that interacting with therapy animals, such as dogs, can increase communication behaviors like talking, gestures, and eye contact, as well as elicit more positive emotional responses compared with other activities like playing with toys.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976293eec302c-9e21-422b-9721-bcccf5690c4b AAT is not a primary treatment for autism, but can be a supplemental therapy alongside evidence-based interventions, such as occupational or speech therapy. The effectiveness of animal-assisted interventions can vary depending on the type of animal, therapy structure, and the individual. Technology-based interventions, including apps and virtual reality, offer innovative ways to teach skills and track progress. Though these interventions are promising, researchers recommend them only as supplemental therapies at this point.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629f7222a8b-cd8a-44a1-a612-bff1155c31e9
Do Autism Treatments Work? Do Treatments Work? Research confirms the effectiveness of several evidence-based autism interventions, such as ABA and developmental therapies, in improving communication and adaptive skills. However, inconsistent study quality, including biases and lack of standardization, limits definitive conclusions. For example, many studies lack randomization or control groups, making it harder to compare treatment outcomes.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629db4a10a3-b03d-4f2f-9ee6-1f384e631604 Not every treatment will work for every individual. The key is finding what aligns with a person’s unique needs and goals. Progress can be hard to measure, so regular reviews and adjustments to treatment plans are essential. Working with healthcare professionals and listening to the voices of autistic individuals can help guide these decisions. Personalized care makes all the difference.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629d52fd1f6-847e-47db-977e-f481a3f8f7a4
Concerns and Considerations in Autism Treatment Concerns and Considerations Ethical concerns often arise around autism treatments, especially those focused on changing behaviors to fit neurotypical expectations. Many in the autistic community advocate for greater acceptance and understanding rather than therapists — and society — solely focusing on treatments for individuals. It’s also important to avoid unproven or potentially harmful interventions. Always consult a trusted healthcare provider before trying new therapies and prioritize evidence-based options.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976296d7bcd06-1f79-4bdf-b65b-092316f27274
The Takeaway Autism treatments offer a variety of tools to support skill-building and independence, but they’re not one-size-fits-all. Choosing the right approach depends on the individual’s unique needs, strengths, and goals. Evidence-based therapies, like speech and occupational therapy, often form the backbone of effective treatment plans. Emerging methods, such as technology-based tools, add exciting possibilities but should complement proven interventions. Navigating autism treatments can be overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone.
Resources We Trust Mayo Clinic: Autism Spectrum DisorderCleveland Clinic: AutismCenters for Disease Control and Prevention: Treatment and Intervention for Autism Spectrum DisorderNational Autistic Society: Strategies and InterventionsAutism Science Foundation: Treatment Options
Nearly half of people with type 2 diabetes are deficient in important vitamins and minerals, according to a new meta-analysis.
Researchers in India pooled data from 132 studies published between 1998 and 2023 that involved more than 50,000 participants with type 2 diabetes.
Key findings included:
Vitamin D deficiency affected 60 percent of people in the studies.
Magnesium deficiency affected 42 percent.
Iron deficiency affected 28 percent.
Vitamin B12 deficiency affected 22 percent overall, and 29 percent of people taking metformin.
Women were more likely to experience micronutrient deficiency (49 percent) compared with men (43 percent).
Interestingly, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiency among people with type 2 diabetes was 45 percent — but 40 percent in people with diabetes-related complications.
“While this might seem counterintuitive, it could be attributed to increased medical attention and dietary modifications often recommended for individuals with complications, which may lead to better supplementation and correction of deficiencies. However, further research is needed to verify this observation and explore possible explanations,” says lead coauthor Daya Krishan Mangal, MD, professor of medicine at IIHMR University in Jaipur, India.
How Do the Vitamin Deficiencies Found Compare With People Without Diabetes?
Because of a dearth of relevant research, it’s impossible to draw comparisons between people with type 2 diabetes and the general population, according to researchers.
But available data suggests that a higher percentage of people with type 2 diabetes have vitamin and mineral deficiencies compared with healthy individuals without type 2 diabetes, says Dave Bridges, PhD, an associate professor of nutritional sciences and a member of the Diabetes Institute at Michigan Medicine in Ann Arbor, who was not involved in the study.
The nutrient shortfalls found in the study all have different connections with type 2 diabetes, says Dr. Bridges.
Vitamin D
“It’s been known for a long time that low vitamin D is associated with increased risk of diabetes and increased risk of complications to diabetes,” says Bridges.
“So right now, the evidence that vitamin D plays a role in causing type 2 diabetes is pretty weak,” he says.
Magnesium
Observational studies have shown that people with low magnesium intake and low magnesium levels are at risk for diabetes and diabetes complication, says Bridges.
“Magnesium is actually very important for processing glucose in our tissue and so there’s reason to suspect that it might play a role in glucose control. This is enhanced because having diabetes causes you to excrete more magnesium. Their kidneys don’t maintain magnesium as well,” he says.
This leads to a “vicious cycle,” says Bridges. “Having low magnesium makes you have worsened diabetes, and then having worsened diabetes makes you excrete more magnesium, which then makes you have lower magnesium, which could then further exacerbate your diabetes,” he explains.
Unlike with vitamin D, there’s evidence that magnesium supplementation could help control blood glucose, says Bridges.
B12
B12 deficiency is linked to the use of the medication metformin, says Bridges. Metformin is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. More than 200 million people are estimated to take the drug every day, mostly to treat or prevent type 2 diabetes.
“It’s been known for a very long time that metformin impairs vitamin B12 uptake. That’s probably a big part of why this study found so many people to be deficient,” he says.
In a healthy population, only about 3 to 4 percent of people are vitamin B12 deficient, compared with the 29 percent of people with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, says Bridges.
Why Is It Important to Know if Vitamin Deficiencies and Type 2 Diabetes Are Linked?
“This study underscores the potential role of targeted nutritional interventions as complementary to existing diabetes treatments,” says Dr. Mangal. “Addressing these deficiencies could lead to improved glycemic control, a lower risk of complications, and better overall health outcomes.”
The findings also suggest that better monitoring of micronutrients in people at risk for type 2 diabetes, especially for magnesium, may be useful, says Bridges.
“These deficiencies could be improved through supplements, but I always recommend trying to find whole food sources. People could modify their diets to find foods that are higher in these vitamins and minerals to prevent these deficiencies from happening,” he says.
An upsurge in tuberculosis cases in Kansas has public health officials on edge, as at least 67 patients in the state are currently being treated for active infections.
Tracking by the state health department shows that another 79 people have been diagnosed with latent tuberculosis, which means the bacteria that causes the disease is inactive and the illness cannot spread.
Since January of last year, when cases related to this outbreak were first reported, two people have died.
Why This Tuberculosis Outbreak Is Unusual
Usually, outbreaks occur in restricted spaces — such as homeless shelters and prisons — where people can be exposed to bacteria for a prolonged period of time.
“Typically, in the past, we see disease spread in locations where people are kept close together, but there’s no indication right now that everyone is in a similar vicinity or proximity, such as a large apartment complex,” says Amit “Bobby” Mahajan, MD, a national spokesperson for the American Lung Association and the medical director for the Inova Interventional Pulmonology and Complex Airway Disease Program in Fairfax, Virginia.
He also calls this outbreak “odd” because related cases are being reported a year after the initial infections were detected.
“The situation is pretty aggressive in terms of what we see compared to the norm,” says Dr. Mahajan.
TB Risk to Public Remains Low
While this outbreak of tuberculosis is one of the largest in U.S. history, the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) assures the public that the relative risk is low.
“KDHE has been leading the response to this outbreak and follows the guidance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to ensure patients are receiving proper treatment and to prevent additional cases from occurring,” announced the Wyandotte County government in a statement on Tuesday.
What Is Tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal disease in which the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects the lungs. It can damage other parts of the body as well, including the brain, kidneys, and spine.
The bacteria that cause the disease can spread from person-to-person through the air. This may occur when someone with active TB coughs, speaks, or sings.
Dana Hawkinson, MD, an infectious disease doctor at the University of Kansas Health System in Kansas City, warns that the effects of the illness are often miserable and long-lasting.
“With the typical lung infection, you’re going to have prolonged symptoms of cough — maybe bloody cough, night sweats, and weight loss, which can last weeks to months,” he says. “And these [symptoms] are going to be prolonged — over weeks to months. It’s not just going to be a week or 10 days.”
Other symptoms to look for include chest pain, fever, and chills.
TB Isn’t as Contagious as Other Respiratory Illnesses
While tuberculosis is a serious disease, it’s not as transmissible as flu, COVID-19, measles, and other illnesses.
“It is very difficult to contract tuberculosis,” says Dr. Hawkinson. “Certainly we know tuberculosis is spread through the air, but it is difficult to catch this infection, even when you’re in a room with somebody who’s coughing.”
Infection requires consistent exposure to the contagious person for a long time. For that reason, you’re more likely to catch TB from a relative than a stranger.
Still, if you have been around anyone who has been infected and you are experiencing symptoms, Hawkinson urges you to go to a doctor and get checked out.
Blood and skin tests to identify infections and treatments are available for those diagnosed with the disease.
How Prevalent Is Tuberculosis?
For years, the United States has had one of the lowest tuberculosis rates in the world, and in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, reported TB cases dropped substantially. Research published last year, however, found that cases have increased every year since 2020.
During 2023, a total of 9,615 TB cases were reported in the United States, a 16 percent increase from 2022. TB disease was responsible for 565 deaths nationwide in 2022, the most recent year for which data is available.
Worldwide, tuberculosis rates are high. The World Health Organization estimates that 10.6 million people fell ill with TB in 2022. The CDC suggests that TB incidents in the U.S. are much lower due to more extensive public health programs to detect the disease and the availability of effective treatments.
Mahajan says drug resistance to TB is beginning to “creep in,” but the treatments available now are overall highly successful.
While an effective vaccine is available for TB, people in the United States don’t receive it routinely because of the relatively low infection rate in this country.
Public Health Departments Lead the Fight Against TB
At the moment, the investigation into the Kansas outbreak is still ongoing and scientists have yet to determine what’s driving the spread.
Peter Chin-Hong, MD, an infectious-disease specialist and a professor of medicine at the University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, suggests that cutbacks in public health funding in recent years may have played a role.
“We need to have well-funded public health departments to identify and treat people who are infected,” he says. “In addition, during the COVID response for the past few years, reduced access to medical care may have led to fewer people being screened and identified with infection in the community, and even more resources were diverted from TB control in the community.”
“As long as we have the appropriate state and national resources to educate people, and the ability to treat this aggressively with medications, I don’t think there should be anything to worry about,” Mahajan says.
Online gambling is booming, and Arabic-speaking players are becoming a key audience. To meet their needs, big casino brands now offer Arabic-language sites, local games, and special bonuses. Here’s why this is happening and what makes it exciting for players.
Why Arabic Versions Matter
Arabic-language casino sites make gambling easier and more enjoyable. Everything is in your native language—from menus to customer support. No more guessing or struggling with translations.
These platforms also respect cultural norms. They offer local payment methods, Arabic-speaking support teams, and games that feel familiar. It’s about creating comfort and trust.
Exclusive Bonuses for Arabic Players
Top casinos know how to grab attention. That’s why they create bonuses just for Arabic players. Welcome offers, cashback deals, and tournaments are tailored for the region.
During Ramadan or Eid, casinos often run special campaigns. Players can unlock prizes, free spins, or bigger bonuses. These exclusive deals make the gaming experience more exciting and personal.
Arabic-Themed Games
Developers are making games with an Arabic twist. Slots feature deserts, palaces, and symbols inspired by the Middle East. These themes add a unique touch that feels personal to local players.
It’s not just about entertainment. It’s about connection. Seeing familiar elements in games makes them more relatable and fun.
Live Casino in Arabic
Live casino games bring the thrill of a real casino to your screen. Now, you can play with Arabic-speaking dealers.
Imagine playing blackjack or roulette while chatting with the dealer in Arabic. It’s social, interactive, and feels just like a physical casino. The dealers guide you through the game, making sure everything is clear.
For many, this is the best way to play online. It’s exciting, authentic, and built for connection.
Why Casinos Focus on Arabic Markets
The Middle East has a growing number of online players. They want modern platforms that cater to their needs. Casinos see the potential and are stepping up.
By localizing their sites and offers, brands win loyalty. Players get a better experience, and casinos expand into a growing market. It’s a smart move for both sides.
Trusted Platforms for Arabic Players
With so many casinos out there, choosing the right one can be hard. That’swherearab-casinoscomesin.
This site lists trusted platforms for Arabic-speaking players. Every casino is licensed, secure, and designed for the region. You’ll find local payment methods, Arabic games, and live casino tables with Arabic dealers. It’s the easiest way to find a platform you can trust.
What Players Get
For Arabic players, these sites make everything simple. Play in your language. Use payment methods you know. Get exclusive bonuses.
Live casino games in Arabic take it up a notch. Real dealers, real games, real fun—all without leaving home.
Conclusion
Big casino brands are investing in Arabic-speaking players, and it shows. With Arabic sites, themed games, and exclusive bonuses, they’re creating a better gaming experience. Live casino games with Arabic dealers bring real excitement and connection to the table.
Ready to explore? Start with arab-casinos. They’ve already found the best platforms for you. Secure, local, and built for Arabic players—it’s all there. Diveinandenjoy!
“What is really important to remember is that a reduced life expectancy is not inherent to ADHD, but could occur where a person experiences adversity and doesn’t receive the support they need,” says senior study author Joshua Stott, PhD, a professor of aging and clinical psychology at University College London.
ADHD Shortened Life Expectancy From 7 to 9 Years
For the study, researchers followed more than 30,000 adults with ADHD and more than 300,000 adults without this condition for roughly two decades starting when they were typically in their late teens or early twenties.
During the study, a total of 193 males with ADHD died — a mortality rate about 89 percent higher than men without ADHD. Similarly, a total of 148 females with ADHD died, for a mortality rate more than twice as high as for women without ADHD, according to findings reported in the British Journal of Psychiatry.
Life expectancy with ADHD was about seven years shorter for men and about nine years shorter for women, the study found.
Many Adults With ADHD Go Undiagnosed
One big caveat to the findings is that researchers only looked at individuals with diagnosed ADHD, which may not reflect what would happen for the vast majority of people living with this condition who lack a formal diagnosis, Dr. Stott says.
People without a formal ADHD diagnosis may have lower support needs and be less likely to experience a shorter life expectancy as result of living with this condition, Stott adds.
Why ADHD May Shorten Life Expectancy
The study also wasn’t designed to prove whether or how ADHD might directly decrease lifespan.
“It may not be ADHD itself that’s the culprit for lowered life expectancy, but instead the risk for educational underattainment, job instability, ruined relationships, poor health habits, and consequences of demoralization and lowered self-image that can accumulate to lead to shorter lives,” says Stephen Hinshaw, PhD, a psychology professor at the University of California in Berkeley, who wasn’t involved in the new study.
That’s because even though some challenges that people with ADHD experience during childhood can subside over time, it’s not uncommon for issues with things like focus and self-regulation to persist into adolescence or adulthood, Dr. Hinshaw says.
How to Reduce ADHD’s Impact
The key to minimizing the potential for ADHD to reduce longevity is early diagnosis and treatment, says Max Wiznitzer, MD, a professor of pediatric neurology at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, who wasn’t involved in the new study.
“Earlier diagnosis has the potential to avoid the effect on life expectancy if it leads to interventions that result in good habit behaviors and avoidance of bad habit behaviors,” Dr. Wiznitzer says. A combination of medication to improve symptoms and behavioral therapy can help minimize the negative impact of ADHD on longevity.
No matter when they get diagnosed, it’s important for people with ADHD to recognize they have a lifelong chronic condition that may have shifting symptoms over time, Wiznitzer says.
“ADHD symptoms can fluctuate in severity, depending on age and on environmental stressors,” Wiznitzer says. “So do not be lulled into complacency that it has disappeared and cannot affect future functioning.”
A chemical pregnancy is a very early miscarriage that happens around the time a fertilized egg is implanting itself in the uterus. The pregnancy is lost before the fifth week.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762912800e82-f832-414a-b8bc-a04028e87b5d Chemical pregnancies (also known as biochemical pregnancies) are very common.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976297ed9a7d6-d093-462b-b615-f5ad1372b093 What’s more, research has found that up to one in four pregnancies is lost even before a woman misses her period or has symptoms of pregnancy — these are chemical pregnancies.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976291b53fe88-2511-406e-93fb-b74c4a425ab0 The term “chemical pregnancy” refers to a positive result on a blood or urine test that gauges the presence of a hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), to detect a pregnancy. But many women who have a chemical pregnancy don’t even realize they’re pregnant because the loss is so early; they may not have taken a pregnancy test,e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629ceba314f-2557-4dad-baed-0961084333f2 had any pregnancy symptoms, or even missed a period . They may simply have a late period that’s a bit heavier than usual.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629aa6623e6-031f-4fe6-b5bc-3ed9ec4d6017
Signs and Symptoms of Chemical Pregnancy Symptoms Because a chemical pregnancy occurs so soon after conception, some women may not be aware they’re pregnant. Those who do know that they’re pregnant or suspect they’ve had a chemical pregnancy may experience the following symptoms: A late period Heavy period-like bleeding, perhaps with clots Menstrual-like crampse60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762976202f90-0d15-4c3d-875c-78400d2416c6 Your doctor can confirm that you had a chemical pregnancy with a urine test or blood test to check the level of hCG in your body .e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762999a133bf-7edb-41a0-8207-b1dbacd42d2d
Causes and Risk Factors of Chemical Pregnancy Causes Most miscarriages, including chemical pregnancies, are caused by chromosomal abnormalities that prevent the fetus from developing normally.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629b040d114-ab77-45bd-868c-b3deba04e322 In an assisted pregnancy that uses frozen embryos, damage that occurs to the embryo during the freezing process may result in a chemical pregnancy; as many as 20 percent of pregnancies involving the transfer of frozen embryos result in a chemical pregnancy.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629a4cf66d8-d662-474e-afa7-9c21ccb5a907 Other causes can include: An insufficient (too thin) uterine lining A problem with DNA in the sperm Low hormone levels Infectionse60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762943f21831-9404-4ebf-a578-2513b2873862 Pregnancy with an IUD in placee60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299a652768-b8a5-4883-a769-8841591390d4 Meanwhile, certain conditions can put a woman at increased risk for a chemical pregnancy . These include being 35 or older, having an untreated clotting disorder or thyroid condition , or having another poorly controlled chronic medical condition such as diabetes .e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762926279cec-bbee-4e80-aa3b-dc43a9612c82
How Is Chemical Pregnancy Diagnosed? Diagnosis Sometimes a woman will take a home pregnancy test and get a positive result, but then she’ll have a late period or discover through a pregnancy test at the doctor’s office that there’s no pregnancy. Your doctor can confirm that you had a chemical pregnancy with a urine or blood test to check the level of hCG in your body.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629131b73fd-1ad1-482f-aecf-5ee057adf749 In other instances, women may not even know they’ve been pregnant; they may think their period is simply late. Prognosis of Chemical Pregnancy In many cases, once your menstrual cycle normalizes after the early pregnancy loss, you can try to get pregnant again whenever you and your partner feel ready.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c6c86b3e-9382-4297-a6cc-112cf6948e31 If you have a medical condition (such as diabetes or a thyroid disorder) that may have contributed to a chemical pregnancy, getting it properly treated may help improve your chances of conceiving a viable pregnancy in the future.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976295a8614e1-24b9-4206-8333-8aa9bcbb1e93
Duration of Chemical Pregnancy Duration By definition, a chemical pregnancy occurs before the fifth week of pregnancy; it’s a very early miscarriage, in other words. The bleeding and cramping may last for a few days.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762912b5aab5-b1a3-4142-a7cf-b4f6ea208732
Treatment and Medication Options for Chemical Pregnancy Treatment Very early pregnancy losses generally don’t require treatment, but if you think you have experienced one, be sure to tell your healthcare practitioner.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629eac99641-733c-4cf3-a44b-6e32478570a2 If a medical condition may have contributed to a chemical pregnancy, getting it properly treated can help you improve your chances of conceiving a viable pregnancy and having a healthy baby in the future.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762963994f4b-6e6f-4172-8362-ed3703be01e5 Otherwise, once your menstrual cycle normalizes, you can try to get pregnant again whenever you feel ready.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629256a655e-3af3-4229-99ef-6aaccd13874b
Complications of Chemical Pregnancy Complications There aren’t usually any physical complications of chemical pregnancy, aside from cramping and sometimes heavier-than-usual bleeding. In rare instances, women may experience very heavy bleeding or hemorrhaging after a chemical pregnancy, which can lead to anemia ; this requires medical attention. But keep in mind that any kind of miscarriage can be upsetting, especially if you were trying to conceive or were excited about a positive pregnancy test or went through fertility treatment. As a result, you may experience stress-related symptoms or mood changes. Some women find that early pregnancy loss can trigger post-traumatic stress symptoms, such as intrusive or unwanted thoughts about the pregnancy loss, nightmares or flashbacks, hyperarousal, and avoidance of anything that reminds women of their loss.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629a800c6c9-176d-46d4-9211-afdb4663c554 Be sure to give your body and your mind ample time to recover from the loss.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629713b6e20-64cb-4a45-ba0c-0daf55f0c3d7Whatever your feelings are, accept them and allow yourself time to fully process them, perhaps with support from friends, family members, or support groups.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762936315df5-b44f-480a-9e0f-06f4cf433647
Research and Statistics: How Many People Have a Chemical Pregnancy? Research and Statistics Chemical pregnancies are extremely common — as many as one-third of all pregnancies may be chemical pregnancies, and up to 22 percent of IVF pregnancies may be chemical pregnancies.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976290cfc0a44-8cd0-4df0-96b4-95e09bb05182 But in many cases, women don’t even know they were pregnant because the pregnancy loss occurs so early.
Related Conditions and Causes of Chemical Pregnancy Related Conditions Certain medical conditions can put a woman at increased risk of a chemical pregnancy. These include an untreated clotting disorder or thyroid condition, or another poorly controlled chronic medical condition such as diabetes.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629f913fe1b-8108-4617-bbc8-c996e105b3b2 In an assisted pregnancy that uses frozen embryos, damage that occurs to the embryo during the freezing process may result in a chemical pregnancy;e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976294b23ebe8-c1f9-4e01-8858-12faca1920f7 as mentioned above, as many as 22 percent of IFV pregnancies may be chemical pregnancies.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762909865119-ae6d-4a6d-a73b-0c7518c83811
Q & A’s
Resources We Trust Mayo Clinic: Can Too Much Stress Cause Early Miscarriage?Cleveland Clinic: Chemical PregnancyAmerican College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Early Pregnancy LossMiscarriage Association: Chemical PregnancyAmerican Pregnancy Association: Symptoms and Signs of Miscarriage
The Takeaway A chemical pregnancy is a very early miscarriage, occurring before the fifth week of pregnancy, often before people realize they’re pregnant. It’s believed to occur when an egg is fertilized but doesn’t fully implant in the uterus, and can be caused by a variety of factors, such as chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, thin lining of the uterus, a maternal age of greater than 35, and others. Although they are common and generally don’t require treatment, it’s best to consult your healthcare provider if you suspect you’ve had a chemical pregnancy and give yourself time to heal both mentally and physically.
If you’re unable to afford insulin, consider following one of these strategies.
For Insulin Emergencies, Seek Medical Help
Some people with diabetes who can’t afford to take as much insulin as their doctors prescribe take dangerous measures, such as using expired insulin or rationing their supply by taking less than they need. Up to 30 percent of Americans with diabetes report rationing or skipping their insulin due to its high cost.
Rationing or skipping insulin can be life-threatening. If you’re in severe or immediate need of insulin, don’t wait to seek help. Go to the nearest hospital emergency department (ED) for immediate treatment. If you aren’t near a hospital, you can call 911.
Use Less Expensive Over-the-Counter Insulin
If you can’t afford prescription insulin brands, many pharmacies sell over-the-counter insulin, including Regular (R) insulin, a short-acting insulin for use before meals, and NPH (neutral protamine Hagedorn) insulin, an intermediate-acting basal insulin that is taken at least twice per day.
These over-the-counter insulins are older formulations that are no longer preferred for diabetes treatment. While available without a prescription for a relatively low price, these options are considerably more difficult to use than modern insulins, and may be more likely to cause hypoglycemia.
Use a Coupon or Patient Assistance Program
The “Big Three” manufacturers each offer patient assistance programs for people who cannot afford their insulin:
You can also look online for manufacturers’ coupons and savings cards:
If you’re unsure what kind of help you qualify for, check out GetInsulin.org, a resource cultivated by a nonprofit diabetes advocacy group that can direct you to assistance programs for which you’re eligible.
Other organizations that can help you find information on, and access to, insulin include:
Other Resources
Ask your doctor to review your course of treatment to see if there are any lower-cost insulins or delivery systems they can prescribe that will allow you to maintain the same level of health and quality of life you find acceptable. Be sure that the conversation is thorough and covers any hidden costs, such as extra testing strips.
Other potential resources could include:
Local community health centers, whichare federally supported clinics that provide primary care services, including diabetes care for patients who are uninsured or underinsured, or have a very low income.
Traveling to Mexico or Canada to buy insulin, as it costs less in these countries.
The Takeaway
Up to 30 percent of Americans diagnosed with diabetes have reported rationing or skipping their insulin entirely due to lack of affordability. Not receiving proper insulin can cause life-threatening complications.
You should never have to skip or ration insulin because you can’t afford it. If you’re having trouble paying for insulin, let your doctor know as soon as possible.
There are many resources available for Americans who need insulin but lack the means to pay for it. Your doctor may be able to prescribe you a lower-cost insulin, or you may qualify for an assistance program from an insulin manufacturer.
Type 2 diabetes isn’t usually a party of one. People with diabetes have a higher risk of developing other health conditions, such as high blood pressure, gout, and high cholesterol, which often require additional medication.
“These meds — such as beta-blockers, corticosteroids, and statins — can be lifesaving, but they can also come with side effects, such as raising blood sugar,” says Raj Singh MD, a board-certified primary care doctor in Las Vegas, Nevada.
“It really depends on the half-life of that medication, meaning how long it stays in your system once it is stopped,” says Deena Adimoolam, MD, a specialist in endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism in New York City. “Some medications have a long duration of action, so their impact on blood sugar will be longer.”
But that doesn’t necessarily mean you shouldn’t take a medication that can raise your blood sugar. “When used correctly and in close consultation with a physician, the side effects of these medications can be significantly reduced,” Dr. Singh says.
Here, we’ll look at some of the most common meds affecting blood sugar control and give guidance on the best ways to manage your blood sugar.
